Nenzira imwechete yandinoenderera mberi nayo dzimwe nyika dzakawandaNdiri kuzotarisa pane vanyori vakanyanya muMexico zvakasarudzwa kubva pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX nemazuva ano. Panyaya yeMexico zvakatonyanya kuoma nekuda kwesarudzo zhinji dzakanaka. Mareferensi makuru erondedzero yenyika uye matarenda matsva anoonekwa nekunzwa ikoko kwekuzviwana tiri pamberi pemumwe munhu anozove echinyakare rimwe zuva.
Vanyori veMexican vakakura mumarudzi ese emhando kana kunyange avant-garde zvinyoreso zvinofamba pakati pemvura dzakasiyana, vachiongorora zvingaitika zverondedzero zvinogara zvichiuya zvine mutsindo kurongedza zvinyorwa kune zvitsva. Pasina kupokana ini ndichasiya munyori wekuMexico angave ari mumwe wevaunofarira. Asi unotoziva kuti hapana chinonyorwa pamusoro pezvinonaka. Pano gumi vanyori vekuMexico vachauya kumberi avo, mune yangu, vakandishamisa pasina dzimwe nguva kuziva kuti ndechipi chipo kana chidhindo chakanyanya kundifadza.
Asi ndidzo nyasha dzezvinyorwa semune zvimwe zvakawanda zvekugadzira zvinhu. Basa rinobata pfungwa dzedu zvine simba uye tinobva tapinda mune imwe nyika yemunyori wemazuva ano kuti tipedzisire tamuratidza sechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvenyika yemazuva ano.
Vepamusoro gumi vanyori veMexico
Juan Rulfo
Dzimwe nguva kunaka, kunoziviswa kumhepo ina nehurumende, kunozadzika. Nyanzvi dzinoremekedzwa zvikuru dzezvinyorwa muSpanish dzinonongedza kuna Juan Rulfo sechimwe chezvakakosha. Paunosvika pabasa rake, unoona chikonzero uye hapana chaungaita kunze kwekubvumirana nemamiriro ekunze aya.
Kutaura neshoko rechizvino, neiyo nyika-brand maitiro, pamwe hapana munhu angave akaita zvakawanda kune iyo Mekisiko chiratidzo kupfuura Juan Rulfo. Munyori wepasirese, mumwe weanoyemurwa kwazvo pasi rese zvinyorwa. Kumashure kwake tinowana mumwe munyori anoyevedza uye wepanguva ino weMexico: Carlos Fuentes, uyo, kunyange hazvo akatipa makuru enganonyorwa, haana kusvika kune iwo hunhu hwakajairika hwehunyanzvi.
Sedzimwe nguva, ini ndinoda kuunza chinyorwa chakakura chinounza muverengi padyo nebasa rese remunyori. Panyaya yaJuan Rulfo, hapana chinhu chiri nani kupfuura iri rekurangarira bhokisi rezana remakore rake:
Zana remakore rechiXNUMX rine vanyori vashoma vakasiyana nevamwe. Pakati peboka rakasarudzwa taizogara tichiwana mutori wemifananidzo uyu achikwanisa kuratidza chokwadi pasi pehuwandu hwemasefa akananga kune yakaumbwa seyakasiyana-siyana semashiripiti. Cult munyori, naPedro Páramo akapwisa vatsoropodzi nevaverengi. Hunhu pakukwirira kweMacbeth Shakespeare, nemweya wayo unosuruvarisa, nemusanganiswa unouraya wezvishuvo zvevanhu, zvishuvo, rudo uye kuvhiringidzika. Asi Juan Rulfo ane zvimwe zvakawanda. Iri bhuku rounyanzvi harigumiri rapfuura bhuku rose remabhuku iro, kunyange zvazvo risina kunyanyowanda, rinotanhamara nokuda kwokukosha kwaro hukuru uye kusimba kwaro.
Octavio Zuva
Con Octavio Zuva katatu akakwana ezvinyorwa zveMexico zvezana remakore rechimakumi maviri anovhara, nokuti pedyo nayo tinowana Juan Rulfo ikozvino Carlos Fuentes (kunyangwe wekupedzisira akagara patafura yake yekudya chete). Nguva zhinji zvinoitika kuti zvinyorwa zvinowana murudzi rwegeneral synergy. Kubva mukusawirirana kwenhoroondo kusingaenzaniswi muhupenyu hwe Cervantes y Shakespeare, Coetaneity chave chiri chokwadi chakadzokororwa kakawanda.
Uye nepo muenzaniso wenyanzvi mbiri huru dzeEurope ichimiririra mhedziso yekubatana kwemavara uku, gonyonhatu inopindirana kwechinguvana pakati peRulfo, Paz naFuentes zvakare ine chinhu chayo. Nekuti iwo matatu anomiririra zvakafanana zvinyorwa kubva kuMexico kune seti yemabhii eSpanish uye epasirese ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Zvinozivikanwa kusawirirana kwemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika pakati peCarlos Fuentes naOctavio Paz, asi aya ndiwo madzero asingavharidzire chiyero chekugadzira chezvose zviri zviviri uye kupfumisa kwekupedzisira kwezvinyorwa.
Asi tichitarisa pana Octavio Paz, ane mbiri pavatatu ava, kusvika paakazogamuchirwa nemubairo weNobel weMabhuku muna 1990, kugona kwake kugadzira kwaisanganisira nhetembo neprose zvine mutsindo mumwechete, kurumbidza nekuwana vaverengi vemhando imwe chete kana kuti. imwe, nekuda kwechiyero chayo pakati peaesthetics uye kumashure.
Elena Poniatowski
Kubuda muPoland yakakombwa neNazi kwaisafanira kufadza mhuri yePoniatowska. Raive gore ra1942 uye Elena aiverenga matsime gumi. Zvichida hazvina kumukuvadza zvakadaro. Pazera iro, chokwadi chiri kutopararira, pakati pemafungiro ekufungidzira uye hushoma hwehudiki.
Asi kuziva kunotevera kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakawanda kupfuura zvaitarisirwa. Zvikuru zvakadaro mumunhu akaita Elena Poniatowski, yakaratidzwa semunyori mukuru, akafamba uye akazvipira kuzvikonzero zvakasiyana siyana zvine chekuita nekodzero dzevanhu.
Mavambo ake ehumambo nematavi ese ari maviri, ababa uye amai, aisambove hwaro kwaari, kunyangwe hazvo chaive chishandiso chekurwira nguva dzose kudzivirira kuenzana mune chero munda.
Iyo inoverengeka, semamiriro ezvinhu aPoniatowska yaisagona kuoneka neimwe nzira, inonzwisiswa naElena se chishandiso chakanangana nekushoropodza uye kusvika, kusvika mukufungisisa mumunhu mumativi mazhinji, kubva pakusvika kworudo kwazvino kune zvinangwa zveruvengo, kubva pakuda kuziva kudiwa kwekukanganwa.
"Red Princess" haamboodza mwoyo mune zvese zvaanonyora. Uye ndezvekuti Elena akazvinyudza muzvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa, mumabhuku uye nyaya. Tinogara tichiwana muzvinyorwa zvake chido chekurarama uye chinangwa chekudzikisa manzwiro nemafungiro kune chimwe chinhu chakanaka, chichititungamirira nemafungiro ekutanga emunhu akadai setsitsi kana kutsungirira.
Laura Esquivel
Chekutanga ndicho chinhu chinokonzera kubudirira. Ipapo iwe unofanirwa kufunga nezve mukana uye hunowanzoitika. Ndinozvitaura nekuti Laura Esquivel yakasvika padenga rekunyora nerunyorwa rwekutanga rwakazopedzisira rwave panguva, mune izvi zvaisada ubiquity (euphemism kutaura nezvevanosangana uye godparents ...)
Como agua para chokoreti raive basa repakutanga rakaiswa mukufungidzira kwakakurumbira senge inoverengeka inofanirwa kuverengerwa. Uye saka yakafamba mumatanho ekunyora ehafu yepasi, ichityora marekodhi emakore nemakore pakutanga kwema 90. Iyo yechokwadi yemashiripiti iyo inova inozvirumbidza inokwanisa kushandura nekusimudza kicheni kuenda kunzvimbo yemanzwiro ... asi ngatiitei taura nezve iye gare gare, mune yake chinzvimbo chakakodzera cheangu chaiwo chinzvimbo.
Kune vamwe vese, Laura Esquivel anounza mumabasa ake kuti kubwinya kwakagara nhaka kubva kuhunhu, nechikamu chayo chinosiririsa uye kusundira kwayo kune sublimation, fungidziro yakanaka yakaita zviitiko nekusimba sekutarisa kwevanhu kunogona kufungidzirwa kubva mukufungisisa kwekurarama uri mupenyu mazuva ese matsva. .. Aya maitiro akajairika anowana iwo nuances mune yega yega yeakasiyana mazano ezve rondedzero yemunyori, uyo akapihwa nevematongerwo enyika veMexico kwemakore mashoma ikozvino.
Guadeloupe Nettel
Guadeloupe Nettel Ndiro rakakurumbira pakati Vakuru vazvino vanyori venhau vekuMexico. Kubva pane isingaperi Elena Poniatowski vakakwira John Villoro, Alvaro Enrigue o Jorge Volpi. Imwe neimwe iine yavo "madhimoni" (madhimoni nekuti hapana chimwe chinhu chinokurudzira kunyora kupfuura poindi yemuedzo wadhiabhori, "kupenga" kuravira kwekushamisa uko munyori wese akanaka anobvisira nyika mumatambudziko ayo).
Nettel mumwe mumwe muenzaniso mune basa rekunyora seyakazara, yekudaidzira kudana. Nekuti zvese kudzidziswa kwekudzidza uye kuzvipira kurondedzero zvakapfuura nekufanana kwakafanana kweiye munhu anofarira simbi kuda, yakaumbwa kubva kune simba remukati mweya.
Zvese zviri muNettel zvinowana iyo nzira kwayo kusvika kumagumo nei. Kudzidzira mune zvinyorwa, tanga nekunyora nyaya uye kupedzisira wave kupaza mumanovels kana zvinyorwa nekuzvigutsa kwemumwe munhu anotozviziva iye amene mune hunyanzvi hwakakosha. Saka nhasi tinogona kungonakidzwa nemabhuku ake chete.
Carlos Fuentes
Cradle mufambi munzvimbo yake semwanakomana wediplomate, Carlos Fuentes Akawana hunhu hwekufamba, chishandiso chakanakisa chemunyori ari kubudirira. Kufamba kunopa hupfumi husingaenzaniswi hwemaonero epasirese, yekudzidza uchipesana ne ethnocentrism, yehuchenjeri hwakakurumbira. Hunyanzvi hwehukama hwemunyori hwakashandiswa kusvika pahupamhi naye kuti agume ave, pamusoro pezvose, munyori mukuru, pamwe nemumiriri anozivikanwa sababa vake.
Semunyori akadzidziswa uye semunhu ari kusangana neakasiyana echokwadi emweya wake usingaperi wekufamba, Fuentes akazove munyori wenhau dzezvematongerwo enyika, neinenge anthropological yekutsvaga munhu ari munharaunda yake yemagariro.
Kwete kuti enganonyorwa dzake ndedzekuedza zvine hungwaru pakudzidzisa, asi vatambi vake nemaitiro ake anogara achiratidza pachena chinangwa, kutsvaga mhinduro munhoroondo. Zvakawanda zvinoramba zvichidzidzwa kubva kune zvese zvakapfuura, kubva pane zvese zvakaitika kare, kubva mukumukira pamwe nehondo, kubva kumatambudziko, kubva mukukunda kukuru munharaunda, zvakasara zvenhoroondo rondedzero yakasimudzwa Carlos Fuentes kuti ataure zvinyorwa zvake kwatiri.
Zvine musoro, semuMexico, hunhu hwekumusha kwake hwakamirawo mune mazhinji emabhuku ake. Idiosyncrasy yevanhu vakaita seMexican inounza kubwinya kwakawanda kune zvinokatyamadza zvayo, zvinoremerwa nechinangwa chevanhu vane hunhu hwakasiyana hwakasiyana zvisinei nekukanganisa kwakaguma nekuivaka (sevanhu vese vepasirese, kune rumwe rutivi. ruoko).
Jose Emilio Pacheco
ari Pacheco's nhoroondo inonetsekana Vakabuda kubva mudiki kwazvo, vachiona kuti munyori akatsunga kuve mumwe asati asvitsa makore makumi maviri. Nesimba rakasimba rekutanga, José Emilio Pacheco akazvinyudza, aine chokwadi chekusimudzira basa rake, nemhando dzese dzekuverenga, mukutsvaga iyo synthesis iyo munyori wega wega anofanira kupedzisa kutaura achitsvaga nzira yake.
Asina kumbobvira abva pamidzi yake maakagadzirisa chikamu chikuru chebasa rake, kunyanya mune zvinyorwa uye kunyange nhetembo, Pacheco akasvika mundima yangu yandaida yenyaya yekunyepedzera, nyaya zhinji uye mamwe mabhuku anezvinyorwa zvekunyepedzera uye zvekunyepedzera mune zvimwe. kesi kana hunhu hwakanyanya mune vamwe.
Zvinyorwa zvakasiyana izvo pakupedzisira zvinopedzisira zvabatana nehukama hwakasimba hwevanhu kune iwo mabhuku akazvipira kuvapo pachawo uye nechinyorwa chenguva dzakararama.
Zviripachena kuti kugona uku kwekuchinja kwechikadzi kwakagonesa mukana wekuyedza mukunyepedzera kwerondedzero yaPacheco, achiona kuti avant-garde inongedzera kutenderedza fungidziro yerudo umo manzwiro ehucheche anonzwika senge maungira, nekutendiswa kwakazara kwekuda kudzokera paudiki, iyo paradhiso umo kuyedza zvakare inoumba hunhu uye maonero epasirese.
Juan Jose Arreola
Mumumvuri womukurusa, vamwe havawanzopedzi vafukidzwa. Avo vangave vasina hukuru hwekugadzira asi chido chekuvandudza, pamwe chete nekukwanisa kudzidza kunoguma kwakafanana nechipo kana kuzvipira kwakanyanya.
Chinhu chakadai chinofanirwa kutariswa pakuunza Juan Jose Arreola maererano ne wepanguva, mukwikwidzi uye kunyange namesake kunge hofori sezvaari Juan Rulfo. Zvino, hupenyu pavakapa Arreola mamwe makore gumi nemashanu, akakwanisa kuve mugari wenhaka yenhaka uye muteveri webasa, neshanduko iyoyo yekutarisa kwehungwaru iyo isisiri kwaari yaanoonekwa semunhu akafanotungamira.
Pamwe inyaya yemutauro wakagovaniswa asi mune dzayo dzisingaverengeke nyaya uye mavhoriyamu, mutauri wechiSpanish anonyatso kuvezwa pane fungidziro, kurota senge dzimwe nguva, uye zvakapfuma dissertations inoshandura iyo chaiyo kana yakananga surrealist mune yake yemahara peni, pane izvo inogona kunge iri nzira kune vanorumbidzwa zvakanyanya Kafka nengano dzake dzezvinotonhora uye zviripo.
Valeria luiselli
Fictional kubva pafungidziro yeanonyanya kuziva chokwadi nekusaremekedza uku kwemunyori mudiki, Valeria anozviratidza semutauri ane simba wechizvarwa anotarisa nezveramangwana kubva panheyo dzezvese zvitsva zvingave zvakasiiwa nenyika, achisimudza izwi rake kuratidza manifest trompe l'oeil yenguva dzose involution yakavharwa semhare mberi yakanaka. Zvinyorwa zvakakosha mupfungwa yezwi.
Nenzira iyi, pfungwa yake inogumira pabhuku rake «Mwana akashaika»Dambudziko remiganhu semadziro ekunyepedzera (rinowedzera kuoneka muchiitiko icho munyori ane hukama zvakanyanya pakati peMexico neUnited States). Masvingo anokwanisa kusarura avo vari kudivi rimwe kuseri kwekuvanza chete kweaporophobia. Nenzira imwecheteyo yavanofungidzira avo evamwe, avo vanogara munzvimbo yakagadzikana munyika nekuda kwekuvapo, kana kuti pamwe nekusavapo kana isu tisingafungirwe zvakanaka.
Mubvunzo ndewekutora rwendo rwakananga kuhunhu hwemapendero emazuva edu, kubuda ropa paganda rako uye pakupedzisira kunzwira vamwe tsitsi, kupfuura iyo aseptic terevhizheni nhau.
Asi nekuwedzera Valeria Luiselli anotiputirawo mune mamwe emabhuku ake mune izvo zvakakamurwa zvinyorwa zvinofamba zvakanaka pakati pekusarudzika kweakanakisa uye chaiwo sekunge zvese zvakagara munzvimbo imwechete yakarongeka kubva mukuzviisa pasi kwevaratidziri.
Hupenyu, rudo, mhuri, kudzidza kana rufu zvinogara zvichionekwa; kuwana kupenya kunopfuura kwepango dzinoshungurudza dzekuvapo kwedu ingano yenyaya yeanokwezva Valeria munzira yake yekutaura nyaya.
Sergio Pitol
Kune avo, vakaita Sergio PitolIvo vanyori mune ihwohwo humwe humwe hupenyu hunopfuura apo mugumo unotevera. Dai takave nehupenyu hwakawanda, yega yega yaizove chinhu chakasiyana mukubuda kutsva., asi nguva ndizvo zvazviri uye Sergio Pitol aive akakwana zvinhu sekunge sekutenderedza icho chete kuchikamu chake semunyori.
Zvakadaro kana chaizvo nekuda kwekuchinjana kwake, Pitol akanyora mamwe emabasa akanakisa enhoroondo yeMexico neTrilogy of Memory yake pamusoro pekunyora kwake. Chinhu chakafanana nebasa rakakosha reizvozvo Kuzvikudza akanyura mune rake heptalogy.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwawo mune iyi dudziro yemunyori kuti hupenyu hwake hwakanga husiri iwo mubhedha wemaroses. Aya ndiwo maratidziro atinoita kuti nhamo kana ikasaparadza inoenderana nemweya usingadzoreke, munhu mupenyu, kunyanya iye, mweya usingazorore uye une nzara ...
Nekudaro, kunyatso kurondedzera tinonakidzwa nePitol iyo inoruka yedu neyedu yevamwe muchiitiko ichocho apo munyori ndiye protagonist yekupa hunyoro, kushuva uye mhinduro nenzira yake kumibvunzo yese nezve kuvapo.
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