Kudziwa bwino nkhaniyi kungapangitse wolemba wabwino kukhala wosiyana. Ndi momwe ziliri ndi Don Juan Eslava Galan, wolemba zambiri, wotchuka kwambiri komanso wongosewera kwambiri, akamasewera, munthawi zingapo m'mbiri. Kuti kuwonjezera pokhala wolemba, ndi katswiri wa zamaphunziro komanso udokotala m'mbiri amatha kukongoletsa maphunziro omwe amasiyana kwambiri m'mabuku ndi zolemba zopitilira muyeso cholinga chofikira mbiriyakale ndipo, chofunikira kwambiri m'malingaliro mwanga, zolemba zomwe zimapanga zochitika zamphindi iliyonse.
Middle Ages nthawi zambiri ndimakhala momwe wolemba amayamba. Zambiri mwa zopeka zake zazikulu zabwerera kumapeto kwa nthawi yamdima ngati yofunikira pakusintha kwachitukuko chathu.
Zazikulu zinsinsi kuwulula kapena mawonekedwe osangalatsa omwe amapita pakati pa zowona zowona, njira yochititsa chidwi yophunzirira zam'mbuyomu ndikusangalala ndi zochitikazo palimodzi pakati pazomwe zinali ndi zokoma ...
Mabuku 3 apamwamba kwambiri a Juan Eslava Galán
Pofunafuna chipembere
Kubwerera ku 1987, wolemba yemwe anali atakhwima kale, koma osadziwika kwa anthu wamba, adadziwika ndi wopambana wa mphotho ya Planeta.
Kwa ine ndichoseketsa, kunyoza mu kiyi wosangalatsa wazolemba zomwe anthu amakongoletsa kale, makamaka mafumu kapena olemekezeka. Wopatsidwa mawonekedwe osayerekezeka, Juan akuphatikiza m'bukuli chilankhulo cha nthawiyo, monga chofunikira, ndi matchulidwe ena apamwamba, kuti nkhaniyi izitsatiridwa bwino. Manyazi, zopatsa chidwi komanso maziko ofunikira kudziwa zakale.
Chidule: Bukuli, lomwe linalembedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, limafotokoza nkhani yongopeka yomwe yatumizidwa kukafunafuna nyanga ya chipembere, yomwe ikuyenera kukulitsa mphamvu ya King Henry IV waku Castile, wotchedwa Wopanda Mphamvu.
Mu chiwembucho, waluso kwambiri komanso wosangalatsa, pakukhulupirika kwambiri pazochitika zam'mbuyomu, zochitika zosangalatsa kwambiri komanso zosayembekezereka zimachitika, nthawi zonse ndimalingaliro okondeka komanso ndakatulo omwe amapereka mphamvu ndi nthano zopeka m'nkhaniyi.
Wolembayo wakwanitsa kalembedwe kamene kamakhala kosavuta pakati pa kufotokozera mwachidule ndi kutha kwazinthu zakale zomwe mutuwo umafuna. Mwachidule, buku lokoma lokhalamo komwe kumakhala kosangalatsa, koseketsa komanso kosangalatsa.
Abiti
Pazipata za Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, komanso nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Spain ikuchitika mchigawenga chosatha, wolemba amatipatsa chiwembu chazondi pazomwe nkhondo yaku Spain ingatanthauze ku Europe komwe kuyandikira. Zigawo zaumwini kwambiri zimatsatira limodzi ndi buku laukazitape, ndi zovuta zake zachilengedwe, mu nkhani yachikondi ...
Chidule: M'dziko loopsa laukazitape, onse omwe akutchulidwa kuti ndi aneneri ndi omwe amachititsa mabodza ena. Pazaka zambiri nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike, mayi wachichepere waku Andalusi, wolamulira wapamwamba ku Prussian, wolima ku Russia komanso nsapato yaku Sevillian akuwala ziwembu zawo zobwezera, kufuna kutchuka kapena ungwazi.
Mowopsya pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Spain, ndi gulu lobisika lokha lomwe lingathe kulepheretsa chiwembu chachinyengo: chikondi. Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku Spain idalola mayiko ena kuyesa malingaliro awo ogonjetsa ndikuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zankhondo. Wolamulira wankhanza waku Austro-Germany Adolf Hitler, yemwe anali atakonza kale njira yolanda Europe, adatumiza ku Spain chida chake chamtengo wapatali kwambiri: Stuka, ndege yoponya bomba.
Soviet Secret Service, yomwe ili ndi chidwi ndi zida zakupha, imalangiza msungwana waku Spain kuti akope Captain Rudolf von Balke, wamkulu wa opareshoni komanso membala wa akuluakulu achi Prussian.
Nthawi yomweyo, adatumiza ku Spain woyendetsa ndege Yuri Antonov, mnzake wakale wa Von Balke, yemwe alandire thandizo la lamulo lokongola la asitikali aku Spain. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, atalimbikitsidwa ndi ziwopsezo zowopsa zankhondo, Carmen, mayi wachinyamata waku Spain wolimba mtima, amasaka m'mabwinja a Berlin pambuyo pa nkhondo kuti apeze za munthu yemwe, ngakhale adakonda chilichonse.
Kenako zimayambira zosayembekezereka komanso zosangalatsa za nkhani yodabwitsa, yomwe chinsinsi chake chidzatipangitsa kuti tizitenga nawo gawo pamalingaliro komanso kusowa tulo kwa omwe akutitsogolera.
Kupha modabwitsa mnyumba ya Cervantes
Spanish Golden Age inalinso ndi gawo lake la tinsel. Ndipo mwina ku Spain kuja kudadzaza ndi ochita mwayi, omwe anali odzipereka kwambiri kuulemerero wawo womwe udadyedwa ndikuwongoleredwa mokhazikika pamakhalidwe okhazikika achipembedzo komanso ma regent omwe anali pantchito, titha kuwona bwino lomwe zomwe tidakhala. Zopeka ndi Cervantes ngati nyenyezi ndizomwe zili kale zolemba zomwe adaperekanso mbiri yabwino posachedwa Álvaro Espinosa.
Chidule: Miguel de Cervantes ndi azichemwali ake, omwe amadziwika kuti a Cervantas, amangidwa chifukwa chotenga nawo gawo pakupha a Gaspar de Ezpeleta, omwe adapezeka atamwalira kunja kwa nyumba ya wolemba The Quixote.
A Duchess a Arjona, wokonda kwambiri Cervantes, amafuna kuti azayang'anira a Dorotea de Osuna achichepere ateteze mnzake wokondedwa. Potero timawona Spain ya Golden Age, yowonongedwa ndi nkhondo ndipo misewu yake yodzaza ndi achifwamba, olumala ndi achifwamba. Panorama momwe tiwone momwe chiwonetsero chachikazi chimapandukira gawo lachiwiri lomwe lakhala ndikukhala mgulu la anthu.
Mabuku ena a Juan Eslava Galán ...
Kugonjetsedwa kwa America kwauza okayikira
Pali ena omwe amafunsa ngakhale mawu oti "Kupeza" ku America, ponena kuti palibe chomwe chidapezeka chifukwa panali omwe amakhala kale kumeneko. Mwakutero, ndikulowa motsutsana ndi semantic komwe kumabweretsa nthano yakuda yomwe ikungoyang'ana za omwe adabwera ku New World kuchokera ku Europe wakale. Chinthu chabwino kwambiri chikadakhala, kwa owerenga Mbiriyi, kuti Dziko Lapansi lidabwerera momwe lidakhalira Pangea kuti mgwirizano pakati pa anthu mbali zonse za Atlantic ukachitike mwachilengedwe.
Koma Mbiri siyigwirizana ndi zikhumbo zopanda nzeru za "anzeru zaulere" ambiri masiku ano. Ndipo Kugonjetsedwa kunali njira yofunira izi Juan Eslava Galan ikukhudzana ndikubwezeretsanso m'malo ake achilungamo komanso molondola, ndikukhudza zachikondi zomwe zimathandizira kuwerenga zowonadi zopanda umboni.
Kuti Crown yaku Spain idafuna kukulitsa ufumu wake ndizosakayikitsa. Kuti njira yawo yolamulira ikufuna kuphatikiza m'malo mopondereza, kugonjera, kapena kuwonongera, zikuwonekeratu pakusamalira nzika zamtunduwu (zosiyana kwambiri ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa West of United States, osapitilira kwina). Kuzunza kumatha kuchitika malinga ndi malangizo omwe akhazikitsidwa, sikungatsutsike. Malingaliro abodza okwezeka a iwo omwe adabwera ku New World angapangitse magawo amdima obwera mikhalidwe yaumunthu. Mbali yofananira iyi yomwe imatsutsana ndi lamulo lachifumu sichingakanidwe.
Nkhani ndiyakuti, kupezeka ndikukula kudapitilira kwa zaka zambiri. Ndipo otulukira atsopano adalowa m'malo obiriwira kuchokera pachilumba cha San Salvador kupita kuzama kupitirira Nyanja ya Caribbean kapena Gulf of Mexico. Apa ndipomwe Eslava Galán amafotokozera za moyo womwe umapatsa chikondi, kuchokera pazokambirana zokoma ndi kuchitapo kanthu nthawi zonse mukuyenda mwamphamvu mofanana ndi zochitika zenizeni.
Mbiri ya Indies, mu kutengera kwawo kwakukulu, imapereka chilimbikitso cha bukuli, pakati pa omwe kusintha kwawo kwa zolembetsa zotsutsana ndi mipata akuganiza, malo opanda kanthu omwe amayitanitsa malingaliro am'mutu ndipo, bwanji, chitukuko ndi kulumikizana kwa omwe akutsutsana ndi ena wopangidwa ndi wolemba kuti akwaniritse zomwe zinali zomwe zikugwirizana ndendende ndi zenizeni zenizeni zaku America zomwe zidagonjetsedwa ndipo masiku ano kumakhala anthu ambiri mu kampasi yangwiro pakati pa ochita zachinyengo komanso olakwika.
Kuyesedwa kwa Caudillo
Kuyang'ana pakati pa zolemba zakale komanso ntchito zophunzitsa, Juan Eslava Galan nthawi zonse imadzutsa chidwi pakati pa owerenga, chidwi cha wolemba chimalimbikitsidwa mu zolemba zambiri momwe ziliri zowoneka bwino.
Pamwambowu, Eslava Galán akutifikitsa pafupi ndi chithunzi chodziwika bwino. Awa olamulira mwankhanza awiri akuyenda kupyola ma Hendaye kupita kumsonkhano womwe pamapeto pake udangobala zipatso m'mgwirizano umodzi. Koma izi zikadatha kutanthauza kusintha kopitilira muyeso ku Spain munkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse.
Ndi ena ofanana ndi ntchitoyi Fayilo, Wolemba Martínez de Pisón, Eslava Galán ali pamalire pa uchronic, zomwe zitha kuzindikirika kuchokera ku mbiri yakale ngati zinthu sizinachitike monga zidachitikira ...
"Kalapeti yofiira yomwe yatambasulidwa papulatifomu ndiyokwanira, koma yopapatiza kwambiri kuti Hitler ndi Franco adutsemo."
Ndi 1940. Poopa kudzipereka msanga kwa ogwirizana, Franco amayesedwa kuti alowe nawo Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse pambali ya olamulira a Berlin-Rome. Kuwona zomwe zingakhale zanu
mwayi, amapereka thandizo kwa Führer, yemwe samazengereza kunyoza pempholo.
Patadutsa miyezi ingapo, mpikisano utasintha mosiyana kwambiri, Hitler akuyamba kuwerengera zabwino zamgwirizano ndi Spain, koma pamenepo kwachedwa. Polephera kupatsa Franco zonse zomwe adamupempha, ayenera kuganiza kuti, panthawiyo, a Caudillo safuna kutenga nawo mbali pankhondoyi.
Msonkhano wa Hendaye, womwe mitsinje ya inki idadutsa kale, ikupitilizabe kutisangalatsa chifukwa cha zovuta zonse zomwe zotsatira zina zikadakhala nazo. Ndi luso lake lanthawi zonse, komanso pafupi kwambiri ndi nkhani yongopeka, a Juan Eslava Galán amatipanga kukhala mboni za zochitika zomwe zitha kudziwika ku Spain kapena, titenge njira ina.
