Kwa katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu kuti asankhe pa anarchism ndi chinthu chofanana ndi kulingalira kuti chirichonse chatayika. David Graeber adawonetsa kuti palibe mtundu wa boma womwe ungatheke kwa anthu m'chitaganya, ndi masomphenya omwe amayenera kukhala athunthu omwe anthropology amalozera pamayendedwe amunthu. Kenako titha kuzindikira kuti demokalase ndi yoyipa kwambiri kuposa zomwe timanena kuti ndiyoyipa kwambiri pamadongosolo a chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Graeber ayenera kuti anali wolondola ponena kuti panopa tikuwoneka kuti tikugonjera maulamuliro achinsinsi a machitidwe chuma oligarchic pansi pa chiwonetsero cha mwayi wofanana ndi mawu ena. Kaya chipwirikiti choterechi chinatanthauza kukonzanso chirichonse kukhala chofanana, ndikukayika. Kuti mu chisokonezo, popanda malamulo ena kusiyapo chiyembekezo mu kukoma mtima ndi mwayi, pangakhale ena kugonjetsa akale analephera paradigms, mwina.
Mfundo ndi yakuti Graeber sanali ngati anarchist monga momwe amalembedwera. Koma komabe iye anali kuti ine sindikudziwa zimene ideological ndi malingaliro atsopano ndi njira chidwi kuganizira. Umu ndi momwe mabuku ake amayambira, cholowa chake chabwino kwambiri ...
Mabuku 3 Omwe Akulimbikitsidwa ndi David Graeber
Ngongole: Mbiri ina ya Economics
Ndondomeko ya ngongole pamlingo wa macroeconomic ndi chinthu chonga phompho pa nthano zopeka. Ndalama zilibe kanthu ndipo nyumba za makhadi a chuma cha padziko lonse zimamangidwa pa izo palibe. Ndani akudziwa bwino kugulitsa njinga yamoto yawo adzakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kubwereka. Nkhaniyi ili ndi macroludopathy. Ndipo komabe, zinthu zofunika monga boma lazaumoyo zimamangidwa pa zopeka ngati izi ...
Buku lililonse lazachuma limanenanso chimodzimodzi: ndalama zidapangidwa kuti zithetse zovuta zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira zamachitidwe osinthanitsa. Nkhaniyi ili ndi vuto lalikulu: palibe umboni wotsimikizira izi.
Graeber akuwulula mbiri ina yokhudzana ndi maonekedwe a ndalama ndi misika, ndikuwunika momwe ngongole yasinthira kuchoka pakukhala udindo wachuma kupita ku udindo wamakhalidwe abwino. Chiyambireni maufumu oyamba okhudza zaulimi, anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito njira zangongole zambiri pogula ndi kugulitsa katundu, ngakhale ndalama zisanayambike. Ndi lero, pambuyo pa zaka zikwi zisanu, pamene kwa nthawi yoyamba tidzipeza tokha pamaso pa gulu logawanika pakati pa omwe ali ndi ngongole ndi ngongole, ndi mabungwe omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi chifuniro chokhacho chotetezera obwereketsa.
Mu Ngongole ndi mbiri yochititsa chidwi komanso yofunikira yomwe imachotsa malingaliro ophatikizidwa mu chidziwitso chathu chonse ndipo imatiwonetsa malingaliro osagwirizana omwe alipo pa ngongole, monga injini yakukula kwachuma kapena ngati chida chopondereza.
Shit Jobs: Chiphunzitso
Kupeza chakudya ndi thukuta la pamphumi pako kunali vuto lalikulu. Chinachake chomwe machitidwe onse am'mbuyomu ndi amtsogolo adamangidwapo. Kulimbana kwamagulu sikutha, ngakhale pambuyo pokhazikitsa ufulu pambuyo pa ngozi ya antchito ya Revolution Revolution. Ngati sichikugwiritsidwa ntchito pano, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumeneko. Ngati sichingagwiritsiridwe nkhanza mwachindunji, chikhoza kuchitidwa m'njira yosadziwika bwino.
Kupeza ntchito yabwinoyi yomwe imaloza kudzizindikira kumawoneka ngati chimera nthawi zambiri. Khama, kudzitukumula komanso luso lazamalonda sizimamveka nthawi zonse poyang'anizana ndi luso losafanana, kukhazikitsidwa kwa machitidwe a maphunziro ndi zopinga zina zomwe zikuwonjezeka tsiku ndi tsiku.
Ndiyeno pali funso la madola milioni ponena za tanthauzo lenileni la ntchito monga msana wa anthu, ndipo David anali pa izi, kufunafuna mayankho ...
Kodi ntchito yanu ndi yomveka kwa anthu? Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2013, David Graeber adafunsa funsoli m'nkhani yosangalatsa komanso yochititsa chidwi yotchedwa "On the Phenomenon of Shitty Jobs." Nkhaniyo idafalikira. Pambuyo pakuwona mamiliyoni ambiri pa intaneti m'zilankhulo khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri, anthu akukanganabe yankho.
Pali mamiliyoni a anthu - alangizi othandizira anthu, ogwirizanitsa mauthenga, ofufuza pa telemarketing, maloya amakampani ... - omwe ntchito zawo zilibe ntchito, ndipo amadziwa. Anthu awa akugwira ntchito zonyansa. Iwalani Piketty kapena Marx; Ndi Graeber, mmodzi mwa akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi omenyera ufulu wamasiku ano, amene akunena momveka bwino kuti zambiri zomwe zimachitika m'chuma chaukapolo ndi mtundu wa ntchito yopanda phindu, yosafunikira, kapena yoopsa kwambiri moti ngakhale wogwira ntchito alibe ntchito. mwiniwake amatha kutsimikizira kukhalapo kwake, ndipo ngakhale izi akumva kuti ali wokakamizika kunamizira kuti izi siziri choncho.
Kudzudzula komwe kumatsatiridwa ndi bukhuli ndikwamphamvu komanso kwakuthwa, makamaka pamene likuyambitsa magulu abwino monga "ntchito zosasamala," zomwe antchito ena amachita, kunena kuti, kusunga makina akale akugwira ntchito ndikupulumutsa kampaniyo kuti isagule makina atsopano. Palibe chifukwa chomveka, chifukwa, monga momwe Orwell ananenera, "anthu omwe ali otanganidwa kugwira ntchito, ngakhale pa ntchito zopanda pake, alibe nthawi yochita zina zambiri." Chifukwa chake, monga Graeber akumaliza, zomwe tili nazo ndi zoyipa zamuyaya.
Kuyamba kwa Chilichonse: Nkhani Yatsopano ya Munthu
Kodi timasintha kapena timasintha? Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kudziwa ngati ndime yathu yapadziko lapansi ikutanthauza kupita patsogolo ku chinthu chokhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pazinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kuphatikiza, mgwirizano, kufanana ... Chifukwa kupyola zigonjetso zazing'ono ndi zochitika za kuzindikira, zenizeni zimaloza mosiyana.
Kwa mibadwo yambiri taona makolo athu akutali kwambiri ngati anthu akale, osadziwa komanso achiwawa. Tauzidwa kuti zinali zotheka kupeza chitukuko mwa kutaya ufulu kapena kusokoneza maganizo athu. M'nkhaniyi, akatswiri odziwika bwino a chikhalidwe cha anthu a David Graeber ndi David Wengrow akuwonetsa kuti malingaliro awa, omwe adawonekera m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, anali momwe anthu a ku Ulaya amachitira podzudzula anthu aluntha omwe ali nawo komanso kuti alibe chitsimikizo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zakale.
Potsata malingaliro onyengawa, bukhuli likunena kuti madera a mbiri yakale anali osinthika kwambiri kuposa momwe amaganizira; njira yomwe imachotsa nkhani zozama kwambiri zoyambira, kuyambira pa chitukuko cha mizinda kupita ku chiyambi cha Boma, kusalingana kapena demokalase.
Kumayambiriro kwa chirichonse ndi mbiri yatsopano ya umunthu, malemba otsutsana omwe amasintha kumvetsetsa kwathu zakale ndikutsegula njira yoganizira mitundu yatsopano ya bungwe la anthu. Ntchito yaikulu yomwe imakayikira maganizo a anthu oganiza bwino monga Jared Diamond, Francis Fukuyama ndi Yuval Noah Harari. Chifukwa kuganiza kuti madera akukhala osafanana komanso omasuka pamene akukhala ovuta komanso "otukuka" si nthano chabe.
