Fuko lililonse limakhala ndi mizu yosakanikirana monga osakanikirana a anthu nthawi zambiri pamikangano. Spain sichingakhale chosiyana ndipo mapangidwe ake amachokera kumgwirizano wosayembekezereka, zosintha zamtsogolo ndi kuyandikira, makamaka kuyandikira komwe, kupitirira maloto onyenga amadzimadzi okondweretsedwa, omwe amafotokozera anthu okhala madera ena apadziko lapansi kufanana kwakukulu. Kungokhala wa fuko, lokhala ndi gawo lodziwika bwino ngati chilumba komanso kufalikira pakusakanikirana, sikungakhazikitse zinthu zosiyanitsa ndi malingaliro omwe angapangidwe.
Pangani zolemba za izi kapena china chilichonse chokhudza mbiri ya Spain ili ndi zoopsa zake. Chifukwa kupitirira zopeka zakale pomwe chilichonse chitha kukhalamo, mabuku azambiriyakale ngati zinthu zophunzitsa amakhala pachiwopsezo chokhala zida zandale. Chifukwa chake muyenera kutembenuka bwino kwambiri kuti mupeze mabuku ofotokoza za Spain zomwe ndizolemba zolembedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndipo zomwe zimafotokoza zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yabwino ya wolemba mbiriyi ikhale yofunika kudziwitsa, nthawi zonse ndi mwayi wotsegulira zomwe apeza ndikuwunika poyerekeza magwero osiyanasiyana.
Palibe ochepa a ku Puerto Rico kupitirira malire athu omwe adadzipereka kuti athetse nkhani yaku Spain ndi chidaliro chomwe chikuwoneka kuti chimapereka mbiri yakale, kudziyimira pawokha pazofunikira. Milandu yonseyi imasiyidwa ngati mabodza ndipo imalemba zithunzi zaku Spain ngatiulendo wosangalatsa komwe kulibe malo azinthu zopitilira muyeso kapena Afarisi omwe amatha kupanga zotsalira zabodza kuti gawo lina la Spain likhale ndi ufulu wambiri m'mbiri ... Si chinthu changa, mutha Apa monga chiwonetsero champhamvu zankhondo zodzipatula kuti zikhoze zonse. Mlandu woopsa kwambiri kuposa wachinyengo waku Catalan INH ...
Kupitilira utoto wamagazi wa mbendera (Bwanji ngati titasiya zofiira, zachikaso ndi zofiira popanda chishango? Malo apakati pakati pa tricolor ndi monarchists), ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kuganizira za mgwirizano chifukwa cha za kuyandikira kwa terroir ija. Chifukwa olekanitsa malo aliwonse amakhala m'malingaliro awo, ku Ithaca akuyenda panyanja zamdziko lapansi zomwe zimawakana mkhalidwe wawo… zabodza.
Mabuku apamwamba kwambiri a mbiri yakale ku Spain
Mbiri ya Spain, wolemba Arturo Pérez Reverte
Lingaliro laku Spain tsopano laledzera ndi malingaliro, malingaliro, maofesi ndi mthunzi wautali wokayikira za omwe amadziwika ngati zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano yanthawi zonse pazomwe zimatanthauza kukhala Spanish. Ma Labels ndi Manichaeism amalemetsa lingaliro lililonse lachi Spanish, mokomera onse omwe amachitira chiwembu zotsutsana ndi zenizeni zakukhalako, ndikuzidzaza ndi kulakwa, ndikuliyandikira kuchokera pachidwi chanthawi yomwe ikubwezeretsanso magawo amdima kuti agwiritse ntchito.
Lingaliro logwira ntchito molimbika kuti Spain tsopano ndi yofanana ndi yomwe idalandidwa ndikukhalidwa ndi gulu, akuganiza kuti ndizovomerezeka kwathunthu kuti zonse zatayika, kuti iwo omwe adazisintha pamtengo umodzi amadzisungira okha pamaso pa omwe amakonda ngati chinthu chochulukirapo komanso chosiyanasiyana. Kusokoneza chizindikiritso cha dziko chomwe, monga china chilichonse, chinali ndi kuwala kwake ndi mithunzi yake ndipo kumapeto kwake, sikuyenera kukhala kwamalingaliro aliwonse koma a iwo omwe amakhala pachifuwa chachilendo chodzaza anthu.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake sizimapweteka konse kumvera wolemba mbiri wamasiku athu ano. Wolemba yemwe amachita popanda kukangana pazifukwa zodziwika kuchokera ku anecdotal mpaka zofunika. Chifukwa mtundu uwu wophatikiza wamaganizidwe uli ndi malo osiyana kwakanthawi kwakanthawi ku Iberia panorama momwe amisala, opusa, abodza, okhulupirira mawu ndi ophunzitsira popanda chiphunzitso chawo adachita bwino, kuchokera mbali zonse ziwiri zongopeka.
Ndipo ndikunena kuti "zabodza" kuziyika patsogolo pamalingaliro chifukwa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala kuti, kuchotsa bodza, kuwonetsa zabodza, kulemba ndi mawu oyipa kwambiri a Pérez Reverte kuti athe kumaliza aliyense ndi mavuto ake.
Kunyada kokhala Spain kapena Chipwitikizi kapena Chifalansa kumakhala kukongola kwa anthu omasuka ku manyazi amachitidwe abodzawa. Pofuna kuthana ndi malingaliro okonda dziko lako, anthu aku Spain okhumudwitsidwa kumenewa amavala mbendera yotsutsana, yomwe imavala moona ndi chiyero, yomwe sinateteze zolakwika pomwe si zigawenga. Monga kuti anthu oyipa amangokhala mbali imodzi, ngati kuti kuganiza mosiyana ndi iwo ndikulowa mu Spain wakuda yemwe ngati alipo alipo chifukwa cha kuwopsa kumene ena amangoyang'ana ndi dzulo, ndi ena, monga yankho lovulaza, amapatsidwa mizimu yakale.
Chifukwa sizofanana kubwereza kubwezeretsa kwa ufulu ndi ulemu kwa omwe agonjetsedwa pankhondo iliyonse kuposa kuyesa kumiza china chilichonse munyozo, mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ndi chilichonse chomwe chikuyenda mofanana.
Mbiri ya Pérez Reverte ndi malo oti muzilankhula momasuka, popanda chilankhulo chokakamizidwa ndi olondola andale, popanda ngongole ndi omwe angamuthandize, osachita zomwe adalonjeza komanso popanda cholinga cholemba mbiri yatsopano. Mbiri ndi malingaliro nawonso, bola ngati izi sizabodza zodzikonda zokha.
Chilichonse ndichokhazikika. Ndipo izi zimadziwika ndi wolemba yemwe amapangitsa kumvera ena chisoni kukhala chida chamalonda. Chifukwa chake tikupeza bukuli lomwe limalankhula za nkhanza pomwe nkhanza zinali malamulo ndipo zimatseguka pakutsutsana pomwe kusamvana kwa malingaliro kunadzetsa mphepo yamkuntho.
Spain, kuchuluka kwa mayiko kutengera ndi ndani amene amawona, akugwira ntchito yolumikizana ndi madera, dziko lakwawo ndi hodgepodge yochokera ku Pyrenees kupita ku Gibraltar. Zonse mwakamodzi mu chisokonezo chonse, kutenga nawo gawo munthawi zolemekezeka kapena masamba amdima, kutengera momwe akufuna kuwerenga.
Pérez Reverte ndi liwu laukadaulo lazidziwitso pazovala zotentha zomwe ndi mbendera, nkhani yokhudza zomwe dziko la Spain lingakhale momwe chinthu chabwino, mophweka, ndikuwona ena monga ofanana ndikusangalala ndi zinthu zawo tikamayenda ndi kuyanjana kochititsa chidwi kwa chiguduli chakutali. Chaching'ono kapena china chilichonse ndi Spain, ngakhale kalata yowopseza ya nyimbo. Royal Marichi yomwe ngakhale chiyambi chake chimatayika chifukwa chopanga mosiyanasiyana.
Mbiri ya Spain adauza okayikira, wolemba slav galán
Zimachitika monga ndi chilichonse. Luso kapena mutu ukatha kukhala wodziwa bwino, munthu amatha kukhala ndi tsatanetsatane, kuti asinthe mayendedwe omwe zinthu zimaperekedwa. Ndipo mutha kupereka malingaliro anu pankhaniyi malinga ngati kutanthauzirako kukuwonetsedwa. Chifukwa inde, m'mbiri mulinso mipata ndipo pali mipata pomwe lingaliro limakwaniritsa zomwe mbiri yakale siyimafikira.
Pali ena omwe amaiphimba mwa kubweretsanso mbiriyakale ndipo omwe amachita izi mwa kungoganiza kuti aliyense angawayese. Kusiyanitsa kwachidziwikire pakati pazophunzitsira zopanda pake pazifukwa zilizonse, kudzipatula kwathu, ndi lingaliro lofufuzira kapena kusanthula ngati tili ndi malingaliro otseguka ...
Kuchokera pa mbiri isanakwane mpaka Podemos, wolemba adawunikiranso mbiri ya dziko lathu ndikunena koyambirira komanso kosangalatsa komwe kukopa owerenga. Iyi ndi mbiri yaku Spain yomwe, monga wolemba mwiniwake akutiwuza, samanamizira kuti ndi wowona, wachilungamo komanso wachifundo, chifukwa palibe mbiri. Sipangidwe kukopa mafumu ndi olamulira, komanso sikufuna kukopa osunga ndalama, kapena Msonkhano wa Episcopal, kapena gulu lachiwerewere, kapena philatelic, kapena mabungwe.
Imeneyi ndi ntchito yomwe imatha kuphunzitsa, kudziwitsa komanso kusangalatsa anthu ofanana, zolembedwa ndi Eslava Galán, pomwe nkhani ya zochitika zazikuluzikulu imawonjezeredwa ndi nkhani zodziwika bwino komanso zosadziwika za otchulidwa m'mbiri yathu . Chilichonse, ntchito yomwe siyenera kuphonya.
Anthu operekedwa, ndi Paul preston
Popeza tsatanetsatane wa magawo osiyanasiyana aku Spain, a Paul Preston amatenga keke mu tinderbox yomwe inali zaka za makumi awiri ku Spain yomwe idayesa kumvetsetsa mizu pakati pazopandukira, mwano ndi udani wamphamvu, mwina wobadwa chifukwa cha masoka atsamunda am'zaka zam'mbuyomu kukula pakati pa mavuto awo.
Pamene Lazarillo de Tormes inalembedwa, kudabwitsa kwa kukula kwa Spain, kusakanikirana pakati pamalingaliro opulumuka ndi zokhumba za botarate aliyense wokhudzana ndi regidor kapena wandale, anali atangoweruzidwa kuti adzabweranso.
Sikuti onse anali, koma mwa onse omwe adapeza mphamvu, ambiri mwa otsogolera adadutsa ngati mliri, atachira chifukwa cha zomwe zidachitika zaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pake Chigwa cha Inclán. Wowonera mwanzeru komanso wolemba mbiri waluso kwambiri ngati Paul Preston angadabwe ndi kulephera kwa atsogoleri ambiri alangizi othandizira akatswiri azamalonda omwe pafupifupi nthawi zonse, monga m'mabuku akuda kwambiri, amapambana.
M'mabuku ambiri a wolemba Chingerezi, bukuli limagwira ntchito ngati kaphatikizidwe kapenanso kuphatikiza zolemba zofunikira m'zaka zonse za zana la XNUMX zomwe zidadziwika kwambiri mwankhanza kapena katangale ndipo ngakhale izi zidapitilira m'malo akutali kwambiri a ndale, m'manja mwa inept nthawi zambiri. Ngakhale pamapeto pake zikutsatira kuti sikunali kusowa nzeru koma kutumikira kwa osankhika omwe magulu onsewa adadzilimbitsa okha.
Uku ndiye kusakhulupirika kwakukulu, kusungidwa kwa zabwino zomwe zimaperekedwa ngati chitsogozo chokhazikika, chizolowezi chowononga chomwe chimapangitsa andale kuposa onyenga kukhala osinkhasinkha omwe sanayang'ane zosowa za anthu mopitilira muyeso wogonjetsedwa ndi magulu otchuka. Koma zachidziwikire, zonsezi ndikungodzichotsera pa nkhani ya aseptic yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pazowonadi kotero kuti owerenga amamaliza kuweruza ndikudzudzulidwa.
Mabuku ena okondweretsa okhudza mbiri ya Spain ...
Invention of Spain, yolembedwa ndi Henry Kamen
Ndimakonda mutuwu chifukwa inde, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti Spain ndi chinthu chopangidwa, chomanga. Momwemonso Germany kapena China ziliri. Chifukwa pali pangea yakale yokha yomwe imafalikira pakati pa nyanja ndi kufunikira kwa mbale za tectonic. Funso ndilofuna kufuna kukhala nawo, kukhala mdziko lomwelo kapena kukhala ndi maloto okwezeka chifukwa chachuma chomwe chimachitika nthawi zambiri kuchokera mwayi wakuba wothandizidwa ndi kupatukana, osati wina aliyense.
Mitundu sinabadwe: imasinthika ndipo imapangidwa, imachokera ku zovuta ndi ziyembekezo ndikupitiliza kuyamika kulimba mtima kwa anthu awo. Munjira yeniyeni, "adapangidwa", osati chifukwa choti adalimbikitsidwa ndi zabodza, koma chifukwa akufuna chowonadi, popeza nthawi zonse pakhala pali malingaliro ena komanso otsutsana omwe athandiza pakupanga dziko. Bukuli ndikusanthula zina mwamaganizidwe ena omwe pakapita nthawi adathandizira kupanga malingaliro athu ku Spain. Masomphenya nthawi zambiri amatengera malingaliro ndi zosokoneza zomwe zingawatsatire, zomwe zimafunikira kuti zimvetsetsedwe ndikufotokozedwa, m'malo mokanidwa.
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