Zikanenedwa kuti kusinthaku kudzakhala kwachikazi kapena ayi, munthu wa Hannah Arendt Imayima ndi mphamvu ya gawo lofunikira. Makamaka kutipeza ife mtsogolo mwa zaka za zana la 20, chithunzithunzi cha mphamvu yoyipa yosintha ya utomoni wanthawi iliyonse yamtsogolo. Zowonjezereka tsopano popeza tadzipeza kuti takhazikika mu mgwirizano wapadziko lonse womwe suwoneka ngati njira yothetsera vuto lililonse ...
Zachidziwikire, nthawi ina iliyonse Arendt akanadzipereka yekha ku filosofi. Koma zangozi zimatha kuloza zomwe zimachitika pomwe wina ngati Hana adapita kukalemba zolemba zake. Laibulale yayikulu yomwe idatha kumaliza kufotokoza mwachidule nzeru ndi ndale zonse. Kapena ngati mizere yofananira ya ntchito yosawonongeka.
Kutsatira njira ya a Thomas mann yemwe anali akulira kale kuchokera ku United States motsutsana ndi Nazism kuyambira ku ukapolo ku 1940, Hannah Arendt adatha kufika ku New York akuzunzidwa kawiri ngati Myuda komanso monga malingaliro omwe akukula. Atakhazikika m'dziko latsopano lomasulidwa kwa Ayuda ambiri, Hannah Arendt analemba ntchito zake zonse zazikulu pakati pa 50s ndi 60s.
Mabuku Otchuka 3 a Hannah Arendt
Ufulu wokhala mfulu
Kukayikirana kwakusiyana kumakhalapo nthawi zonse. Lingaliro loti mphamvu yakusankha ikulemetsa kwambiri kwa ife ndiyotsimikizika kuti imabisidwa monga matamando, komano, ndiyofunikanso kuti tikhale limodzi mwamtendere. Koma ndikuti ufulu umakhudzanso zinthu zina zambiri kupitilira kudzikonda komwe timayesetsa ...
Kodi ufulu ndi chiyani ndipo zikutanthauza chiyani kwa ife? Kodi zimangokhala zakusowa kwa mantha ndi zoletsa, kapena zimatanthauzanso kutenga nawo mbali pamagulu azikhalidwe, ndi liwu lanu lazandale, kumvedwa, kuzindikira ndikuzikumbukiridwa ndi ena?
Wolemba ku United States mzaka za makumi asanu ndi limodzi koma osasindikizidwa mpaka pano m'Chisipanishi -ndipo m'Chijeremani-, nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa kulimba ndi kulimba kwa malingaliro andale a Hannah Arendt ndikuwongolera molondola ndikuwongolera malingaliro ake pa ufulu, wakuya kwambiri ndikutha kulumikizana m'njira yodabwitsa ndi zovuta komanso zoopsa za nthawi yathu ino.
Arendt amatsata mbiri yakale ya lingaliro laufulu, makamaka poganizira zakusintha kwa France ndi America. Ngakhale kuti choyamba chinali kusintha kwa Mbiri, koma chinathera pa tsoka, chinacho chinali chopambana, koma chinakhalabe nkhani yakomweko. Kuganiziranso lingaliro lachisinthiko kwakhala kofunika masiku ano, ndipo kuyanjananso uku ndi Hannah Arendt kumayimira zofunikira kwa mibadwo yatsopano.
Eichmann ku Yerusalemu
Nanga bwanji chilungamo chilungamo chikamalamulira? Wodzikongoletsa mumthunzi wa zomwe zatsalira pamakhalidwe kapena zosinthidwa kukhala mayesero achidule pomwe imfa ndi chilango chokhacho. Kuyambiranso kukhulupirira chilungamo sikophweka ngati chasowa kwa nthawi yayitali komanso anthu ambiri akuvutika.
Pambuyo pozenga mlandu mu 1961 motsutsana ndi a Adolf Eichmann, wamkulu wa asitikali a SS komanso m'modzi mwamilandu yayikulu m'mbiri, a Hannah Arendt amaphunzira m'nkhaniyi zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kuphedwa kwa Nazi ndi gawo lomwe adachita pakupha anthu Mabungwe achiyuda - nkhani yomwe, munthawi yake, inali mkangano wokwiya - komanso chikhalidwe ndi ntchito ya chilungamo, zomwe zimamupangitsa kuti akweze kufunika kokhazikitsa khothi lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe lingayesere milandu yokhudza umunthu .
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, kuyang'ana kokongola komanso kofulumira kwa Arendt kumavumbula umunthu wa omwe akuimbidwa mlanduwo, ndikuwunika momwe akukhalira komanso zandale komanso kulimba mtima kwake pokonzekera kuthamangitsidwa ndikuwonongedwa kwa Ayuda. Nthawi yomweyo, wafilosofi waku Germany amaphunzira mgwirizano kapena kukana kugwiritsa ntchito Final Solution ndi mayiko ena okhala ndikuwulula zovuta zomwe kufunikira kwake kukupitilizabe kudziwika masiku ano.
Zaka zoposa makumi asanu zitatulutsidwa, Eichmann ku Yerusalemu imakhalabe imodzi mwamafukufuku abwino kwambiri pa kuphedwa kwa Nazi, nkhani yomwe singachedwetsedwe kuti timvetsetse mosakayikira tsoka lalikulu m'zaka za zana la XNUMX.
Chiyambi cha kuponderezana
Nthawi zina, powerenga mbiri, zimawoneka ngati maulamuliro opondereza omwe akhazikitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi nthawi zina, zimawoneka ngati ndi "anthu" omwe akuyang'ana dzanja lolimba lomwe likugwira komanso lomwe limapanga mdima wochulukirapo kuposa kuwopa nthawi yoyipa . Kutsutsana kwa munthu kumatha kuloza ku lingaliro limenelo.
M'buku la The Origins of Totalitarianism a Hannah Arendt akuwulula zomwe zachitika m'mbiri yaku Europe zomwe zidakonzekeretsa kubwera kwa zochitika zankhanza ndikuzindikiritsa mabungwe, malingaliro ndi machitidwe a maboma a Stalinist ndi Hitler.
Gawo loyamba -Antisemitism- ladzipereka kukulira ndikukula m'zaka zonse za zana la 1914 la malingaliro omwe pamapeto pake adzakhala othandizira gulu la Nazi, pomwe wachiwiri -Imperialism- ikufufuza zamitundu ndi zikhalidwe zaukazitape waku Europe kuyambira kumapeto kwa M'zaka za zana la XNUMX. M'zaka za zana la XNUMX mpaka Nkhondo Yaikulu ya XNUMX, ndi wachitatu - Tultitarianism- adadzipereka pakuwunika kwa maulamuliro opondereza a Nazi ndi Soviet osati monga "kukulitsa kwa maboma ankhanza am'mbuyomu", koma potengera "mbiri yawo yayikulu", monga momwe a Salvador Giner akufotokozera m'mawu ake oyamba ndi mtundu uwu wazambiri zanzeru zandale.
