Dziwani mabuku atatu abwino kwambiri a Svetlana Alexievich

Ngati posachedwapa timalankhula za wolemba waku Russia Ayn Rand, lero tikambirana za wolemba wina wophiphiritsa wazikhalidwe zofananira zaku Soviet, waku Belarus Svetlana Alexyevich, Chatsopano mphoto yotchuka ya mabuku mu 2015.

Ndipo ndamufikitsa kudanga lino ndikumulumikiza ndi Rand chifukwa onsewa amapanga ntchito zofananira potengera kupitilira kwa nkhaniyo. Rand adapereka masomphenya ake anzeru ndipo Svetlana amatipatsa malingaliro azikhalidwe zambiri m'mawu ake.

Pazochitika zonsezi funso ndilokuyandikira zaumunthu monga chinthu chomwe chingapangitse malingaliro kapena ziwembu ngati zolemba zenizeni zomwe kuchokera kuzowona, ngati sizowona zenizeni, zimafuna izi kuti zidziwike.

Svetlana Alexyevich anapanga mabuku ake chiwonetsero chazikhalidwe zambiri momwe nkhaniyo ilinso ndi malo, ngati sizinthu zonse zomwe zafufuzidwa ndi utolankhani sizimaliza kukhala oyenerera kutero ndi zomwe amathandizira kuti owerenga azisinkhasinkha.

Komabe, Alexievich ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuti mumalize kufotokoza mwachidule za mayiko omwe anali Soviet Union, ponena za chiyambi chake m’zaka za m’ma 1900 zimene zinatenga nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri m’madera amenewo ndipo potsirizira pake zinapanga lingaliro lofanana pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu otuluka kumene ambiri.

Mabuku apamwamba kwambiri 3 olembedwa ndi Svetlana Alexievich

Mawu ochokera ku Chernobyl

Wosindikizidwayo anali wazaka 10 pa Epulo 26, 1986. Tsiku latsoka lomwe dziko lapansi linali kuyandikira tsoka lanyukiliya. Ndipo choseketsa ndichakuti sinali bomba lomwe linawopseza kuti lidzawononga dziko lapansi mu Cold War yomwe idapitilizabe kuopseza nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha.

Kuyambira tsiku lomwelo Chernobyl adalumikizana ndi dikishonale ya woyipayo Ndipo ngakhale lero, kuyandikira kudzera mu malipoti kapena makanema omwe amafalitsidwa pa intaneti za malo opatulidwawa ndiwowopsa. Zili pafupi Makilomita 30 a zone zakufa. Ngakhale kutsimikiza kwa "akufa" sikungakhale kodabwitsa kwambiri. Moyo wopanda chiyembekezo wakhala m'malo omwe kale anthu amakhala. Pazaka zopitilira 30 chichitikireni ngoziyi, zomera zapambana konkriti ndipo nyama zamtchire zakomweko zimadziwika m'malo abwino kwambiri.

Kumene Kuwonetsedwa ndi ma radiation osabisika sikungakhale kotetezeka kwamoyo wonse, koma kukomoka kwa nyama ndikwabwino pano poyerekeza ndi kuthekera kokulirapo kwa kufa. Choipa kwambiri pamasiku amenewo pambuyo pa tsokalo mosakayikira chinali zamatsenga. Dziko la Soviet Ukraine silinafotokoze bwinobwino za ngoziyi. Ndipo pakati pa anthu omwe amakhala m'derali, kumverera kwasiyidwa kufalikira, zomwe zikuwonekera bwino mu mndandanda wamakono wa HBO wokhudza chochitikacho. Poganizira za kupambana kwakukulu kwa mndandanda, sizimapweteka kupezanso buku labwino lomwe limakwaniritsa ndemanga iyi ya tsoka lapadziko lonse. Ndipo bukhu ili ndi limodzi mwazochitika zomwe zenizeni ndi zaka zopepuka kutali ndi zopeka. Chifukwa nkhani za omwe adafunsidwa, maumboni amasiku ochepa omwe amawoneka ngati akuimitsidwa mu limbo la surrealism yomwe nthawi zina imaphimba kukhalapo kwathu, imapanga zamatsenga zonsezo.

Zomwe zidachitika ku Chernobyl ndi zomwe mawuwa akunena. Zomwe zidachitikazi zidachitika pazifukwa zilizonse, koma zowona ndizosonkhanitsa zomwe zidafotokozedwa ndi omwe adatchulidwa m'bukuli, komanso ena ambiri omwe sangakhale ndi mawu. Zovuta zakukumana ndi zochitikazo ndi anthu ena omwe amadalira mitundu yovomerezeka ndizosokoneza. Kupezeka kwa chowonadi kumakondweretsa ndikuwopsyeza zotsatira zomwe dziko lapansi lamtunduwu lokhala ndi zomwe zidaphulika kusintha mawonekedwe amderali kwazaka zikubwerazi. Buku lomwe timapezamo zamatsenga za nzika zina zomwe zidanyengedwa ndikudwala komanso kufa.

Mawu ochokera ku Chernobyl

Mapeto a Homo Soviéticus

Chikominisi kapena chododometsa chachikulu cha malingaliro amunthu. Ntchito yolumikizana komanso chilungamo pakati pa anthu idakhala tsoka lalikulu.

Vutoli lidali pakukhulupirira kuti munthu amatha kutengera zomwe zabwino za chikominisi zidalengeza kuti ndizothandiza anthu. Chifukwa chiwonongeko cha mphamvu m'manja ochepa ndipo sichinasinthidwe. Pamapeto pake, zinali pafupi, monga momwe tingapezere m'buku lino, chikomyunizimu cha labotale, kupatukana kopangidwa komwe Aleksievich adavula kuchokera pakufunsidwa kwa omwe adafunsidwa ndi omwe adachita mantha.

Mkati mwa nkhani zomwe zidachitika kale, mosakayikira, koma maumboni mazana amoyo akadali nthawi yankhanza. Kuyesera kofewetsa nkhaniyi, monga a Gorbachev mwiniwake wa perestroika, kwalephera kuthetsa zomwe dongosolo limachita chifukwa choyipa chaulamuliro wosagwirizana chimakhala chosagwirizana ndi chitukuko. Mapeto a Homo Soviéticus amenewo anali oti chisinthiko chidadzuka kuchokera ku inertia ya kuzungulira kwadziko lapansi dongosolo la chiwonongeko.

Mapeto a Homo Soviéticus

Nkhondo ilibe nkhope ya mkazi

Mwina mbali yokhayo yomwe chikominisi chinkachita kufanana kumeneku chinali makamaka munthawi yoyipa kwambiri, ngati yankhondo. Chifukwa m'buku lino timapezapo zonena za azimayi omwe akuchita chimodzimodzi ndi amuna omwe amakhala mu Red Army.

Ndipo mwina onse, amuna ndi akazi, anali omwe anali ndi chifukwa chochepa chopita kunkhondo. Chifukwa Hitler atayandikira, Stalin anali kumbuyo. Adani aumunthu mbali zonse. Chiyembekezo chochepa kapena chosakhala ndi chiyembekezo chazotsatira zabwino ngati zingapambane. Ndipo azimayi omwe akugwira ntchito yawo yankhondo yankhondo mwina sanadziwebe zodabwitsazi za mlandu wawo.

Chifukwa dongosololi likanagulitsanso lingaliro loteteza dziko lakwawo, lingakweze mikhalidwe ya Soviet yofanana ndi chitetezo chofunikira chazomwe zakwaniritsidwa. Kwa Soviet Union, Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse inali malo omenyera nkhondo achilendo okhala ndi adani enieni ndi mizukwa yoyipa yomwe idadetsa chiyembekezo chonse.

Zochitika za apocalyptic zodzaza ndi ziwawa zamitundumitundu, zopanda chiyembekezo komanso zoopsa. Maumboni atsopano omwe adapezedwa ndi wolemba kuti atsimikizire, kuyambira pakuphulika koyamba kwa masomphenya achikazi, masoka a masoka, nkhondo zoipitsitsa zomwe zinafalikira pankhondo yaikulu yotchedwa USSR. Ndipo ngakhale zonse, Alexevich amachotsa umunthu wofunikira kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha mbiri ndikudzutsa kumverera kwamphamvu kuti pakati pa mitundu yonse ya masautso ndi nkhanza zikuwonekera miyoyo yaikulu kwambiri.

Nkhondo ilibe nkhope ya mkazi
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