ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜

ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืืงื“ืžืื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื”, ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืจื’ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื“ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ืœื‘ื“ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืŸ ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜. ืื•ืœื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ...

ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™, ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืœื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช, ืœืœื ื”ืชื ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.

ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ Arturo Pรฉrez Reverte ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช XL Semanal ืื• ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš ืื“ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง, ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืœื ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืžื•ืกื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื”, ื›ืžืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืœืœื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืกื—ืจื™ (ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”).

ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื™ื•ืžืจื ื™. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื™ ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ, ืื– ืื ื™ ืืขื– ืœืกืงื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜, ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ, ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ื•ื.

ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื ื’ืœื” ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืืช ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ืคื• ืœืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืœื ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ืงื•ื Reverte, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืจื•ืžื ื™ื:

ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืืช ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื–-ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™

ื”ื”ืกืจ

ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ืกืืจ, ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื”, ืขื ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช, ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื’ื ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜.

ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืงื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื›ืชื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช. ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20 ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืฉืœื™ื— ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.


ื’ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืืกื˜ืจ

ื’ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืืกื˜ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื•, ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื•, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ ืžื›ืจ; ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2017.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืกืคืจื“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” -XNUMX ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื•ื™ืงืจื”, ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืกืชื“ืจืช ืชื›ื›ื™ื ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื. ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื™ื™ืžื”, ืืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืœื•ืงื— ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”.

ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ื ืื• ืœื, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื“ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจืงื™ื– ืฉืกื•ืžืš ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืขื ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื ื™ "ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื" ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ...


ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืคืœื ื“ืจืก

ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืคืœื ื“ืจืก? ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื” ืขื ืืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืžื• ืฉืฉืžื•.

ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื ืื•ืคืง ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื ืคื™ื ื‘ืจืงืข, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื’ื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืžื•ืชื—ืŸ. ืืžื ื•ืช, ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžืจืชืง ืœื”ืฆื‘ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืœื™ื”, ืžืฉืงื ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื ืกื” ืœืคืขื ื—.

ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืชืขืžืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื›ื•ื ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•, ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื™ื“ืข, ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืื” ืžืงืฆื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืคื•ื—ืช. ืžืงืฆื‘ ืงืฆื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื.

ืกืคืจ-ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ-ืฉืœ-ืคืœื ื“ืจื™ื”

ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืžื

ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืžื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื“ื•ืžืืก, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื—ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืจืื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื.

ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ื”, ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื”ืžืงื•ืจ, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืืช ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื“ื•ืžื ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื‘ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื”, ื‘ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื• ืขื˜. ื”ืกื˜ ืžืœื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื–ื•ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ: ืชืฉืขืช ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื.

ืกืคืจ-ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ-ื“ื•ืžืืก

ืฆืœ ื”ื ืฉืจ

ืฆืœ ื”ื ืฉืจ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืœื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื˜ื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ื”, ืืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื™ืช ืœืื“ืžื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื”: ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื–ื™ื ื”.

ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉืœืื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืกืกื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฆื“ ื›ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจื• ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื.

ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ืฆื™ ืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ื”, ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื” ืืš ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืจืžื– ืœื ื‘ืœื™ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืคืจื•ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช..


ืฉื˜ื— Comanche

ืฉื˜ื— ืงื•ืžืื ืฆ'ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืชื’ืœื” ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™, ืžืจื™ื—ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื“ืคื™ื” ื ืคืชื— ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื• ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื• ื›ื›ืชื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื”, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืกืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื. ืื™ืš ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื•ื•ืจื˜ื” ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืงืจื‘? ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื–ื•?

ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœื”. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืคื” ืžื—ืฉื™ืš ืœืคืขืžื™ื. ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช.


ืขื•ืจ ืชื•ืฃ

ืขื•ืจ ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ืจื˜, ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืงืคื“ื ื™ ืืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจืชืงื•ืช.

ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืจื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช. ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืงืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜, ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื›ื™ื ืžืจืชืงื™ื.

ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื—ืจืจ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืืชืžื•ืœ. ืžืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื”, ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืงื•ืจื ืžืกืชื‘ืš.

ืกืคืจ-ื”ืขื•ืจ-ืฉืœ-ืชื•ืฃ

ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™

ืืจื˜ื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜, ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกืžื™ืช ื•ื•ืกื˜ื”ืื•ืก, ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข (ืื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ) ืœืจืžืช ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืฉื™ื ืคื™ืœื”, ื—ื•ื o ื”ืžืœืšืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช.

ืชืžื•ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืžืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื•ืกืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™. ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžื•ื–ืจ, ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.

ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืื•ืœืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืกื•ืœื ื‘ืคื– ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”.

ืกืคืจ-ื”ืžื›ืชื‘-ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™

ืžืœื›ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื

ืžืœื›ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื”"ืฉื•ื ื•ืช "ื”ืืœื”. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืืคื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžื–ืขื–ืข, ื•ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืจ. .

ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืงืจื™ืื” ื›ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช. ืืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ืจื—ื”, ืขื•ืœื” ืจื™ื— ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื. ืชืจื–ื” ืžื ื“ื•ื–ื”, ืžืœื›ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ืชืฉืžื— ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื”.

ืกืคืจ-ืžืœื›ืช-ื”ื“ืจื•ื

ืงื™ื™ืค ื˜ืจืคืœื’ืจ

ืงื™ื™ืค ื˜ืจืคืœื’ืจ ืืจื˜ื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืฆืœื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืช, ื”ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืขื ืจืงืข ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•

ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ืช, ืœืžื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืžื™. ืื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ืจืคืœื’ืจ, ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, Reverte ืžื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืคื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช, ื•ื•ืœื’ืจื™ืช ืื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ืืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืกืฆื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืจื ื•.

ืกืคืจ-ื›ืฃ-ื˜ืจืคืœื’ืจ

ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช

ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืœืงืŸ. ืื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื ืฆ'ื” ื”ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื’ืข ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™, ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื ื•ืœื•ื—ื ืืš ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ. , ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืื• ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื–ื” ืื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ.

ืืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื’ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืชื—ืช. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ื• ืžืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ', ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆื™ืœื ืคืื•ืœืงืก, ืœื•ืงื— ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืจื•ืฉืขื™ื ืฉื“ืจื›ื ืฆืคื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื›ื ืงืžื” ื”ืžื—ืœื—ืœืช ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื.

ืกืคืจ-ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ-ืฉืœ-ืงืจื‘ื•ืช

ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก

ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ื ืืจืกื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืžืคื’ืฉ ื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชืžืกืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื ืœืœื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช. ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืื™ 1808 ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“. ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฆืžืจืจืช. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก ื ืจื—ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœืช ืชื•ืคืช.

ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืงืจื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืฉื•ื. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื™ืช.


ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ

ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ. ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื•, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ืงื“ื™ื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1811-1812. , ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜.

ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืžืฉื™ื’ื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืจืคืชืงืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืฉืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–'ืื ืจ ื”ื‘ืœืฉื™ ืื• ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงื• ืงืœ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ืŸ ืื• ื ืกื—ืคืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืฃ ืžื“ืขื™, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืขื ืงืฉืจ ืขืงื‘ื™ ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.

ืกืคืจ-ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ

ื”ื˜ื ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ

ืขื ื”ื˜ื ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ, ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื”ื‘ื”. ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืจืงืข ืžืœื—ืžืชื™, ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™. ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื–ื”.

ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืงืก ืงื•ืกื˜ื” ื•ืžืฆ'ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•, ื“ืจืš ืื”ื‘ืชื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™ื”, ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” -XNUMX.

ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -60 ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื”, ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื—ืžื˜ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“. ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืŸ. ืœื˜ืขืžื™ื, ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ื.

ืกืคืจ-ื”ื˜ื ื’ื•-ืฉืœ-ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ

ื”ืฆืœืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”

ื”ืฆืœืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื’ืขื™ืœ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•. ืื•ืชื” ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื”ืจื•ื’, ืฆื•ืคื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.

ื”ืฆืœืฃ ื”ื "ืœ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื”ื ืงืจื ืฆืœืฃ, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ืืœื—ื ื“ืจื” ื•ืืจืœื”, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช, ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ, ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืคื ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆืœืฃ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœื ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ, ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ืขืœื™ืœื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื›ื›ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืš ืขื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.

ืกืคืจ-ื”ืฆืœืฃ-ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ

ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘

ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจื“ ื”ืฆืœืœื™ืช. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืืงื“ืžืื™ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืฉืคื” ื’ื™ืœื” ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื•ื ืก ืžื•ืœื™ื ื” ื•ื“ื•ืŸ ืคื“ืจื• ื–ืจืื˜ื”, ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื“ืจื• ื•ื“'ืืœืžื‘ืจ.

ื”ืžืื” ื” -XNUMX ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกื™ื•ืžื” ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ื–ื•, ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื—ืจ, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื•ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืœืืคืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™.

ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื“ ืœืฆืจืคืช ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช, ืืš ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื™ื, ืื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช, ืขื ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉืคืชืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืขื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžืกืข ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ.

ืกืคืจื™ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื-ื’ื‘ืจื™ื

ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืืœื˜ืจื™ื˜

ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืืœื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืž -7 ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืœืื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื ืื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืžืื•ื“, ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืกืฆื ื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™. .

ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืืœื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกืคื ื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉื“ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืฉืชืขืฉืขืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ื ืคืœืื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™.

ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืกืคืจื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื’ื“ืœื•ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื’ื ืืช ืฆืœืœื™ื” ื•ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืชื”, ืขืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”. ืืœื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืืฆื™ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ืœื ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช, ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคื— ื•ื”ืืžื™ืฅ, ื‘ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ืจื‘ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืขื•ื ืฉ.

ื‘ื›ืจืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื. ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ืžืชื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื”. ื›ื™ืฃ ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขื ืฉืคื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช.

ื›ืœ ืืœื”

ืคืœืงื•

ืคืœืงื•. ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื›ืกื“ืจื” ืคื•ืจื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™: ืื•ื•ื”. ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ Reverte ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืฉืœ Alatriste ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” -XNUMX. ืคืœืงื• ื”ื•ื ืื ื˜ื™ -ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžืจื’ืœ ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื–ืžื ื™ื ืืœื”.

ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืขื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืคืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืขื‘ื“ื•. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื•ื”-40, ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืฉืœื‘ ืกื•ืขืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืจืง ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืคืœืงื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœ.

ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืคืœืงื•

ืื•ื•ื”

ืื•ื•ื” ืœื•ืจื ืฆื• ืคืœืงื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืืจื˜ื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกืคื ื™ืช. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื•ืฉืข, ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืืœื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืืจืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื–ืžื ื™ื. ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ -ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืจืื” ื”ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื ืฆื—, ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื ื—ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ืจื“ืžืช.

ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1937. ืœื•ืจื ืฆื• ืคืืœืงื• ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืœืœื™ื, ืชื—ืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืืคืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš, ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื ืจืื” ื ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืคื ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืœื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืฆืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ, ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.

ืœื•ืจื ืฆื• ืคืœืงื•, ื”ืžื•ืจื—ืง ืœื˜ื ื’'ื™ืจ, ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืžื›ื” ืขืœ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื—ืกืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื ื—ืœืฉ ื•ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ืช ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืขื•ื ื™, ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช ื•ืจืขื‘ ืœืื ืฉื™ื. ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื–ืขื–ืข ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืชื•ืคืกืช, ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.

ืžื•ืœ ืœื•ืจื ืฆื• ืžื’ื™ื—ื” ืื•ื•ื”, ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืจืื” ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง ืฉืžืกื ื•ื•ืจืช ืืช ืคืืœืงื• ืืš ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ื, ืจืง ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ, ืื”ื‘ื” ืื• ืฉื ืื” ื”ื ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื“, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืื ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ ื ืคืฉ, ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ื”ืชืจื’ืœื ื• ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชื•ืกืก ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ื”ื™ื, ืฉืœ ืขื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืคืœืงื•

ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื

ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื. ืขื ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื”, ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืคืืœืงื•, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืคืจืฅ ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืžืชืคืจืฅ ืขื ืจื•ืžืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืืœืงื• ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืžื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืœื•ืจื ืฆื• ืคืœืงื• ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืคืจื ืงื•.

ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืกืžืœื™ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื. ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืื•, ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ืืœ ื’ื•ื•ืืคื•, ื›ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืืจื˜ื•ืจื• ืคืจื–-ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืœืคืชื— ืขื“ ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช.

ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื›ืฉืชืกื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ. ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื“ื ื• ืฉื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืกืชืจืช ืžืขืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื“, ื›ืฉื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืืฉืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.

ื›ืื•ื”ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื“ืื’ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื’ื“ื”. ืกืฆื ืช ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™, ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžืขืจืš ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ื“ื• -ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื.

ืžืกืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืง ื”ื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืœ ืชื•ืจืชื ื• ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•. ืขืฆืžื.

ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืชื•ืžื‘ ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื—ื›ื” ืœื ื• ืžื—ืจ ืื• ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืจืง ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœืฉืงื ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืขืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ.

ืกืคืจ-ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื-ื›ืœื‘ื™ื-ืœื-ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื

ื—ึทื‘ึผึธืœึธื”

ืขื ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืื’ืช ืคืืœืงื•, ืกื“ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชืช -ืคื•ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“.

ื›ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจืช ืืกื•ืŸ, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื. ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืกืžืœื™ื™ื.

ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื–ื” ืžื•ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช, ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืืจืฆื ื•. ืฉื•ื‘, ืคืืœืงื• ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื•ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘"ืื•ื•ื” "ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.

ืฉื•ื‘ 1937, ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ -26 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืคื•ืฆืฆื• ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืกืงืื™ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืฃ ืคื‘ืœื• ืคื™ืงืืกื• ืืช ืืกื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงืœื˜. ืจืง ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื™ ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ...

ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืคืœืงื•

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“

ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื•ืŸ ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื•ื•ืจื˜ื” ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืœืื•ื, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช, ื”ื“ื’ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื›ืกื™ื ื‘ื”ื. ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืชืคื™ืกื•ืช, ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืชืกื‘ื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืฆืœ ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™.

ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื™ื›ื™ืื™ื–ื ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืคืจื“ื™, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”, ืžืžืœืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืฉืžื”, ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืžื”ืคืจื™ื–ืžื” ื”ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืฉื—ื–ืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืืคืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆืœ ื–ืืช. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื•ืฅ ื›ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื•ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ืขื”, ืžื ื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืื‘ื•ื“, ืฉืžื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื ืกืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืขืฆืžื ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื”ื‘ ื–ื” ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืจื‘ ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ.

ืขื•ื•ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื›ืžื• ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืืœื ืฉืœ ืืœื” ื”ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืฃ. ืœื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.

ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืœื™ ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ืœื™ ืœืžื”ื•ืชื™. ื›ื™ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžื ืงื‘ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื, ื ื‘ืœื™ื, ืฉืงืจื™ื, ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืื˜ื™ื ืœืœื ืžืฉื ืชื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ืฉื’ืฉื’ื•, ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™.

ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉ"ืคืกืื•ื“ื• "ืฉื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช, ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžื”ืฉืงืจ, ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืงืจ, ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื™ืœื˜ื• ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืกืžืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืชื™ื•.

ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ ืื• ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉืงืจื™ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขืœื‘ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš, ื–ื” ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ืื›ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืืžืช ื•ื˜ื•ื”ืจ, ื–ื” ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื.

ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืืœ ืกืคืจื“ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืฆื— ื”ืขื– ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœืงื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช, ื”ื ืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืงื ื•ืช.

ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ื“ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืฆื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ, ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื– ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”ื” ืฉืœื•.

ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ืœืœื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืงื•ืจืงื˜, ืœืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื, ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืจื›ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื“ืขื”, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื–ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืžืฉืจืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.

ื”ื›ืœ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืกื—ืจ. ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืง ื•ืฉื ืคืชื— ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืกืขืจื”. ืกืคืจื“, ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื”, ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื›ืกื ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื”ืคื™ืจื ืื™ื ืœื’ื™ื‘ืจืœื˜ืจ.

ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ื‘ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ื“ืคื™ื ืืคืœื™ื, ืชืœื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื. ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื“ื’ืœื™ื.

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืกืคืจื“ ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืขื ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืžืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื•ืจื ืžืจื•ื—ืง. ืžืขื˜ ืื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื ืกืคืจื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ. ืžืฆืขื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ื–ืงื™ืคื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ืช.

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“, ืžืืช ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜

ืกื™ื“ื™

ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœ ืกื™ื“ ื›ืกืžืœ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืขืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืŸ ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช.

ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื–ื”, ืœืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืœืื’ื“ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœ ืกื™ื“, ื›ื•ืœื• ืขืจืคืœ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื” ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืื“ื•ื ื™ื.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื”ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉื”ืฉื ื”ื”ื™ืจื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื™ื“ื™ (ืœื•ืจื“ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช), ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื• ื“ื™ืื– ื“ื” ื•ื™ื•ืืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”. ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™.

ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื™ืœืฆื” ืืช ื’ืœื•ืชื• ื™ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื—ื ืฉืœื• ืœื›ืœ ืžืฆื™ืข.

ื•ื›ืš, ืขื ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื–ื” ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ืขื ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœืคืงื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ืžืจื•ืฉืขืช ื”ื–ื• ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืจื“ ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืจ.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ืžื•ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืืžื•ื ื”, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœืชืช ืืช ื ืคืฉื ืœืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžื–ืœื: ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ืจ, ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.

ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืงืกืžืชื™ ืžื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ. ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื” -XNUMX, ืขื ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืจ. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“.

ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืœืืžื•ื ื”. ืื•ืชื” ืืžื•ื ื” ืื™ืชื ื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืขื–ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•.

ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืžืชืืจ ืžื”ื™ืžื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœ ืกื™ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืคืจื–-ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื ื›ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœื•.

ื›ื›ืชื‘ ื ืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช; ื›ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืžื–ืขื–ืข ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืช. ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืคืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ื•ื.

ืกื™ื“ื™, ืžืืช ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜

ืžืขืจืช ืงื™ืงืœื•ืค

ื”ืืคื•ืจื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ืœื—ื•ื ื”ืœื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ื™ื; ืื• ืžื”ืคืชืงื™ื ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื.

ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜. ืื•ืœื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื“ื ื˜ื” ืกื‘ืœื ื™ ืžื“ื™ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื. ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชื•ืš ืจื•ื— ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื•, ืคืจื–-ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืœื•ื—ืžืช ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชืคืœืœื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ.

ื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ื•ืขืจื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืงื™ืงืœื•ืค ืขื ืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืžืชื‘ืืกื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ืืฉ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฉืขื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื.

ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื–ื”. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื™ื“ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื’ืจืกืชื•, ืžื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื’ื—ืœืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชื”ื•ื.

ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœื‘ืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•. ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆืคื” ืฉืžืชืงื ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืืš ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื˜ื™ืคื—ื• ื‘ืืžื™ืชื•ืชื ื•ื‘ื“ื• -ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืš ืฉืœื”ื.

ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืืžืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืขื ื’ ืขืœ ืชื‘ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืžืฉืงื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ยซืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื“ืœืคืง ื‘ืจ -ืืžืจ ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื–-ืจื‘ืจื˜-. ืื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ, ืฉื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืจืš ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืฉื ืื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ื—ื™ื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœืžื™ื, ื•ืฉื ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืฃ, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจืื™. ื•ื”ืงื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ".

ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื–-ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ. ื™ืฉื ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ืืš ืกืคืจื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2010 ืœืžืจืฅ 2020, ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -45.000 ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืื• ื–ื” ืฉืกื™ืžืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืกื•ืคืจ.

ืžืกืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืžืขืช ืœืขืช ืžืื– ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœ"ืžืขืจืช ื”ืงื™ืงืœื•ืค "ื”ื–ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืฆื™ื™ืฆื ื™ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื• ืื• ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื”.

ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžืคื’ื™ืฉ, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืžื•ืจืื“ืŸ, ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืœื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ืืจื˜ื•ืจื• ืคืจื–-ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืขื ืงื•ืจืื™ื•. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื–ื•, ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืจื•ื’ื•ืจืŸ, "ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื•ืฉื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžืจื". ืืจื˜ื•ืจื• ืคืจื–-ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.

ืžืขืจืช ืงื™ืงืœื•ืค

ืงื• ืืฉ

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืฉื˜ ืžืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืžืกื’ืจืช ื•ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืื—ื™ืื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื”ื‘ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื”.

ืž ื”ืžื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ืืจ ืกืจืงืกืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืœืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื“ ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื›ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื•ื— ืžืจื•ืฉืข. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืขื“ ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืžึทืขึฒื‘ึธืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืœื ืœืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื˜ื™ืจื™ื, ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืจืง ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื—ืฉื•ืš ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ...

ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 24 ืœ -25 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1938, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ืจื•, ื—ืฆื• 2.890 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื• -14 ื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื” -XNUMX ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืงืกื˜ืœื˜ืก ื“ืœ ืฉื’ืจ, ืฉื ื™ื™ืœื—ืžื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ืงืกื˜ืœื˜ืก, ืœื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช XI, ื•ืœื ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืื’ื• ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.

ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื ืคื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืื™ื ืŸ. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืš ื ืœื—ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื˜ืจื’ื™ื•ืช.

ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื‘ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืžื›ื•ืœื ืฉื ืœื—ืžื• ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืข ืชื™ืขื•ื“, ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.

ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆืื”, ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืงืจื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ืœื ืจืง ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืืœื ืจื•ืžืŸ ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืžืจืชืง ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื•ืฉืฉ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื•ืกื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.

ืขื ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืึตืฉื, ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื–-ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืกื•ื—ืฃ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืœื”, ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ืืœื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘. ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืืš ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”. ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืืžืจื” ื›ืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.

ืงื• ืืฉ

ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™

ืžื™ ืืžืจ ืฉืืจื˜ื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช? ื›ื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืคื ื™ื-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืžืจืชืง ืฉืœ ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืžืงืจื™ื, ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคืชืงืช ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื•ืื•ืชื•ืช ืืคืœื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืœืกืชื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช. ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื.

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1942 ื• -1943, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืฉืงืขื• ืื• ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ืจืœื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืืœื’'ืงื™ืจืืก. ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ื”, ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.

ืืœื ื” ืืจื‘ื•ืก, ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืช ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข, ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืขื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ื ืขืœืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืœืžื™ื. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื•, ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžืชืขืœืžืช ืžื›ืš ืฉื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ื–ื• ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืง โ€‹โ€‹ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.


ืžื”ืคื›ื”: ืจื•ืžืŸ

ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจ, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ืฉื™ื, ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื•ืื•ืฆืจ. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืœื™ืื ื• ื–ืคืื˜ื” ื•ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื•ื™ืœื”. ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืคืกื• ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืื ื•, ืฉื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืžื‘ื ืง ื‘ืกื™ื•ื“ืื“ ื—ื•ืืจื– ื‘-8 ื‘ืžืื™ 1911. ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื– ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืฆืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื•ืžืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืœื ืฆื—...

ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื–ืขื–ืขื• ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-XNUMX. ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื•ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื›ืื•ืก, ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช: ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื ืกืชืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื”ื‘ื”, ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื.

ืžื”ืคื›ื”: ืจื•ืžืŸ

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช

ื“ื•ืŸ ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื•ื•ืจื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืขื ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช, ืขื ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื ื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ, ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืขื ื”ืžืชื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืื• ืขื ื–'ืื ืจ ื”ื ื•ืืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื”ื. . ืคืจื– ืจื•ื•ืจื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื›ืชื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืขื ืคืฉืข ื›ื“ืจืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืื•ืคืจื” ืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ืกืชื™ืจื”. .

"ื–ื” ื™ื™ืงื— ืฉื•ื˜ืจ", ื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื•. ื‘ืœืฉ.
"ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื—ื“," ืืžืจ ืคื•ืงืกื”.
ื›ื•ืœื ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ื•.
"ื–ื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš," ืžื—ื™ืชื™. ื”ืื ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื•?
"ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื”ื•ืœืžืก.
"ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื”ื•ืœืžืก. ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื. ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆืื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช.
-ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืžืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ืขืจืฆื”.
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ืื ื™ ืจืง ืฉื—ืงืŸ.
ื”ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื’ืข ื ื“ืœืงื• ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืจืขืฉ ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžืฆืœืžื” ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืฉืชื•ืง, ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกื ื˜ืจ. ืœื ื ื”ื ื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืื– ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืžื‘ืกืงืจื•ื•ื™ืœ.

ื™ื•ื ื™ 1960. ืกืขืจื” ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืชืฉืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ ืื•ื˜ืืงื•ืก, ืœื™ื“ ืงื•ืจืคื•. ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ: ืื“ื™ืช ืžื ื“ืจ, ืชื™ื™ืจืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ื ืžืฆืื” ืžืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ. ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืจืžื–ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ Hopalong Basil, ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื“ื•ืขืš ืฉื’ื™ืœื ืคืขื ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš.

ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื›ืžื•ื”ื•, ืฉืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื”ื•ืœืžืก ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืกืชืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืกื’ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”. ืขืœ ืื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื•ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•, ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืจืชืงืช ืฉื‘ื” ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืœ arturo perez reverte

ืžื”ื• ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื™ื‘ืจื˜?

ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืืช ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื•ื•ืจื˜ื” ื”ื•ื "ืžื”ืคื›ื”: ืจื•ืžืŸ". ืขื ืชืืจื™ืš ืคืจืกื•ื 4 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2022. ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืืžื™ืœื™ืื ื• ื–ืคืื˜ื”.

ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื•ื•ืจื˜ื”?

ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื•ื•ืจื˜ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-25 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1951

5 / 5 - (10 ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช)

11 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ "ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืคืจื– ืจื‘ืจื˜"

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืื ื”ืจื ืฅ ื‘ื˜ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ Akismet ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ื–ื‘ืœ. ืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื” ืฉืœืš.