ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืช ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื˜ืกืจ

ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืคืจื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื” ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื˜ืกืืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื— ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™. ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ื ื™ื—ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกืชืŸ ื•ืื“ืžื”. ืืฆืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื”, ืชืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฆื™ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืžื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื. ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืžื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืื• ืคืจืžืืคืจืคืจ, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืกื•ืคืจืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœื”ื’ืขืชื” ืœืคืจื•ื–ื”.

ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื˜ืกืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืงืคืช ืจืงืขื™ื ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžืฆื’ืช ื˜ืœื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืชื”. ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืžื ืกืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ืกืคืงื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื™ื ืจืฆื™ื” ืื• ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื˜ืจืช ื›ืขื’ืœ ื–ื”ื‘.

3 ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืžืืช ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื˜ืกืจ

permafrost

ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื– ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•. ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื”ื•ืช, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืขืงืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืœื”ื‘ืช.

ื”ืงื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื˜ืืกืจ ื”ืชืžื–ื’ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืืœืฃ ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื”. ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ืœืืžืช, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจืฉืžื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื”ืชื”ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื”ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืžื™ืœืืŸ ืงื•ื ื“ืจื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”.

ืจืง ืฉื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื, ื•ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืจืคืจืžืกื˜ ืฉืืœื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื’ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ -ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื’ืจืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื ื”ื ืชื ื•ืช ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื•.

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื” ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœืš ืื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื, ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ืœื ืฆืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืชื” ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืœืœืช ืฉืจืง ืžืกืžื ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.

ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ื. ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช, ื›ื ื™ืขื”, ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฆืขื“ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ืžืืก ืžื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช.

ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ืจื™ื– ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฆืขื“ื” ืชื–ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืจื™ืงื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืžืžื ื• ืขื•ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ. ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืงืจื— ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ืžืžื•ืชื”

ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื. ื›ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืขื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื– ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื–, ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื, ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืฆื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื— ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ืžืขืœื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืจืชืงื•ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืื•ืชื.

ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืžื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื” ืืจื›ืื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื, ื•ื–ื” ืžืืœืฅ ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื.ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“?

ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืจื•ืขื”, ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชืš ืื• ืžืื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœื™ืš. ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืขืœ, ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”.

ื–ื” ืœื ืกืชื ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืœื›ืคืจ, ื–ื• ืคืฆืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืคืฆืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช, ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ืงืจืฉื ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ืœืœ ื‘ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืคืจืื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื˜ืกืจ.

ื‘ื•ืœื“ืจ

ื”ืžืฉื›ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืžืคืจื•ืกื˜ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ืคืขืช ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ, ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื›ืœ ื–ืขื–ื•ืข. ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืงืจืข ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœื•. ื•ื”ืกืœืข ื ืกื—ืฃ ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืงืข.

ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœื“ืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืจื ืกืช ื›ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ืช ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ ื™ืฉื ื”. ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื: ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืงืชื”, ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ืื™ื–ื” ื ืžืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื™ืง, ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช. ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื, ืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืœื“.

ืžื” ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืขืฉืชื” ืขื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืคื’ืฉืช ืคืขื ื‘ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ื”? ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืชืขืฉื”, ื—ื™ื” ื›ืœื•ืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“-ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืงื™ืื•ื•ื™ืง? ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื•ืœื“ืจ: ืื•ืชืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื ื•ืฃ, ื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืœ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืช ื•ืœืžื” ื”ืŸ ืฉื.

ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื›ืจืš ื”ื–ื” ืžืคื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื:

ืคื•ืกื˜ ื“ืจื’

ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ Akismet ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ื–ื‘ืœ. ืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื” ืฉืœืš.