3 ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื ืกื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ืจ

ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืคืœื’ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืœืื“ื ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืืžืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืคื•ืฉืจื ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื• ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื• ืชืžื™ื“, ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข.

ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืืจื ืกื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ืจ. ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื–ื–ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืฆื“, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืช ... ื•ืฉื’'ื•ื ื’ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืจื’ืข.

ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืขืฆืžื•. ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื’'ื•ื ื’ืจ ื™ืฆื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื”ืคื•ืจื•ื. ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืžืืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืื” ื‘ื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืชื• ื”ืฆื ื•ืžื”, ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืขื“ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1944. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืจื™ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื•.

ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื™ื•ื ื’ืจ ื’ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืคืจื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.. ืกื—ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืคื•ืก ืืš ื’ื ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืœืช, ืฉืœื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืกื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื—ืช ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื—ืจืช, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืืช ื’ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ืžืืŸ. ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืืŸ ืืœื ืขื ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืื• ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช.

ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื ืกื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ืจ

ืขืœ ืฆื•ืงื™ ื”ืฉื™ืฉ

ืขื ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื•ื›ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืžืชืื™ื. ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื–ืืช, ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืกื•ื ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื’ื•ืœืฉ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ.

ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1939 ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžืžืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื“ืžื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื—ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืกื•ืŸ.

ื•ืฉื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื‘ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื”ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉื ืงืจื ืœื” ืžืจื™ื ื”. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื•ืืœื• ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืœืื—ืจ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™. ื”ืื™ื•ื ืœื ืคื•ืกืง ืžื—ื•ืฉืš ื”ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื™ื, ืฉื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกืชื“ืจ ื”ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืจ.

ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืœื” ืžืจื™ื ื”. ื•ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื”, ืจืง ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœื”ืชืขืœืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืฉืขื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืคืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ ืขื ืง ื‘ื”ื ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื—ื•ื“ืจ.

ืขืœ ืฆื•ืงื™ ื”ืฉื™ืฉ

ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื“ื”

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื—ืฆื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืจืืชื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ื ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืื• ืคืœื’ื™ื ืฉืื™ื—ื“ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื• ืœื”ื™ื”ืจื’, ื”ื™ื” ืืจื ืกื˜ ื‘ืŸ ื” -19 ืฉืืกืฃ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืืกืคื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1920 ืœื”ื ืืชืŸ ื•ืœืชื”ื™ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืจืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืขืฆืžื•.

ืืจื ืกื˜ ื”ืคืš ืื– ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ื• ื‘ืฆื‘ื. ื“ืคื™ื ืžื•ื›ืชืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืืคื•ืก.

ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš ืชืขืœื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขื˜ ืžืงืื‘ื™ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื™ื–ืžื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ื”ืจืก. ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืงืจ ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœื•ื—ืžื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืฆืžื”.

ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ืฆืžืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืื•ืœื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืš ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืืžื ื” ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.

ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื“ื”

ื”ืžืืจื‘

ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืš ืฉื‘ื”ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืื” ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื”, ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜.

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื’'ื•ื ื’ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื’ื” ื™ืกื•ื“, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจื•ื•ืœืœืงืจืืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื™ื”, ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืš. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ ืžืกืžืŸ ืื•ืชื ืื• ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื.

ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืœ. ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืžืืจื‘, ืฉื ืžืœื˜ืช ื•ืžืชื›ื•ืคืคืช ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืจื’ืข ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื ื›ืชื‘ืช ืžื”ืจื•ื’ืข ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ืกืช ื•ื’ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘, ื”ื ืžืœื˜ืช ื•ืžืชื›ื•ืคืคืช ื•ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืจื’ืข ื”ืžืชืื™ื.

ื›ืฉื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื. ื”ืฆื“ืงืช ืขื•ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข, ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ืชื™ืขื ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื’ื ืฉืืชื” ืขืฆืžืš ืชืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื•ืœ.

ื”ืžืืจื‘
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ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ Akismet ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ื–ื‘ืœ. ืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื” ืฉืœืš.