3 mafi kyawun littattafai na José Ortega y Gasset

Daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da aka samu babban falsafa José Ortega da Gasset Ya kasance a gare ni in ba da shawara a lokuta da yawa don daidaita falsafanci zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan yanayin yanayin mutum. Sanya falsafa a matsayin taƙaitaccen bayani na iya sauƙaƙe aikin tunani, na hankali, na waccan yunƙuri na taɓa hikima, amma a ƙarshe ba ta da asali na asali. A cikin babban littafinsaDon Quixote Tunani", wannan m dalibi na Hegel ya nutse cikin wannan kwatancen wanda ke kusa da wannan monad wanda daga ciki aka haife sanin mafi yawan mutum, wanda aka yi a Spain, a wannan yanayin.

Gaskiya ne kuma cewa buƙatun falsafa zuwa ga siyasa, a cikin ƙarni na ashirin wanda neman masu akida ta kowane fanni ya kasance na asali, ya haifar da daidaita hikima a kan bukatun zamantakewa mafi takamaiman ga kowane wuri.

Ya kasance ba tambaya ce ta yawaita a cikin mafi yawan maganganun maganganun magana ba, amma maimakon nemo tushe don daidaita juyin halittar zamantakewa zuwa sigogi inda ɗabi'a, shari'a, akida da duk wani al'amari da ya shafi dukkan al'umma cikin canji akai -akai tsakanin An haɗa rikice -rikice.

Jajircewar masanin falsafa a matsayin mai yancin tunani koyaushe yana ƙarewa da cin karo da mafi girman bukatu na siyasar ƙarni na XNUMX wanda har yanzu ya himmantu ga koyaswar koyarwa.

A cikin rikice -rikicen Spain na Jamhuriyar ko ma a farkon yakin basasa, Ortega y Gasset bai yarda da aiwatar da ɗayan ko ɗayan ba wanda ya nemi ɗaukakarsa ta amincewa da wasu dalilai, don haka ya ƙare fuskantar gudun hijirar da aka maimaita a sabbin lokuta har zuwa dawowarsa ta ƙarshe zuwa Spain jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa.

A cikin babban littafin tarihin Ortega y Gasset Za mu iya samun littattafai kan ƙarin falsafancin zamantakewa don Spain da Turai na ƙarni na ashirin waɗanda ke fuskantar damuwar akida, amma kuma muna gano waɗancan tarin falsafar mafi tsabta waɗanda ke bincika da sake tsara dabarun sauran manyan masu tunani a cikin tarihi. Kodayake ra'ayoyin wani lokaci suna da yawa, labarin Ortega y Gasset yana ba da damar samun dama ga waccan filin ra'ayoyin da koyaushe falsafa ce.

Manyan littattafan da aka ba da shawarar 3 na Ortega y Gasset

Don Quixote Tunani

Kowane marubuci, kowane mai tunani yana samun a cikin littattafansa na farko tushen rubuce -rubucensa na baya. Fim na farko na masanin falsafa shine furcin niyya wanda za a iya haɓakawa ko a ƙarshe a jefar da shi.

Labari ne game da ɗaga rubutun, neman yuwuwar antitheses yayin sauran rayuwa da barin kira ga duk waɗanda suka kusanci aikin gaba ɗaya. A cikin wannan littafin mun sami wannan haɗin tsakanin falsafanci da tsagwaron Mutanen Espanya wanda na riga na ambata a baya.

Aikin adabi na duniya wanda shine Don Quixote yana tattara hoton da ake buƙata akan mahangar duniya daga wannan tsohuwar tsibirin na Iberiya kuma idan wani ƙwararre Don Quixote (wanda ya bayyana yana sujada a gadonsa a al'amuran da suka gabata) zai iya fallasa abin da duniya take da kuma abin da yake riƙe da ra'ayoyi kamar yadda zai yiwu a fayyace game da rayuwa da makomar Turai da wayewar mu, wannan zai zama shaidarsa. Mahimmancin farawa a cikin tafiya shine magance abin da Ortega y Gasset ya rubuta.

tawaye na taro

Duk wani littafin da ke magana kan zamantakewa da ƙari ko intentionasa da gangan siyasa (har ma fiye da haka a cikin karni na ashirin da ke cikin damuwa) koyaushe yana ƙare ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin haɗawa da yanayin ko ƙungiya.

Wani abu makamancin haka ya faru da wannan littafi game da dacewa da daidaikun mutum da kuma ayyukan talakawa a matsayin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kuma masu sauƙin jagoranci. Gabatar da al'umma a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX a matsayin sararin da aka ba da gudummawa ga daidaikun mutane, shawo kan dogaro daga baya, amma ƙirƙirar sabbin ɓangarorin da za a iya magance su cikin sauƙi ta hanyar haɗa kai cikin jama'a ana fuskantar su a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin.

Matsalar da aka yi magana a cikin wannan littafin daga mahangar juyin halitta ta zamantakewa inda ake neman mafita ko aƙalla ana gabatar da waɗannan lamuran, ba kowane mutum ke yin la’akari da shi ba, wanda zai iya zana ƙaddara mai wadata ko ƙasa da wadata tare da mafi girman cin gashin kai.

Kwarewar da ake buƙata tun lokacin Juyin Masana'antu da haɓakawa a duk fannonin ci gaban zamantakewa na iya cika wanzuwar duk abin da aka fahimta a ƙarƙashin ƙimar ilimin da ba a daidaita shi gaba ɗaya ga sararin samaniya na ra'ayoyi.

Jahilci a takaice muhimmin wuri ne na kiwo don wannan tawayen talakawa, wanda aka umarce shi daga saman dala na akida wanda ke juyar da mafi ƙarancin gibin da aka rufe, wanzuwar da ta wuce sadaukarwa ko son abin duniya ya zama abin rayuwa mai mahimmanci.

Invertebrate Spain

Ba ya yin zafi, a kwanakin nan, don kusanci wannan littafin na Ortega y Gasset wanda ke bayanin daidaitawar Spain daga mahangar zamantakewa. Manufar da Ortega y Gasset ya ƙirƙira ta dalilin tarihi yana samun cikakkiyar cikakkiyar mahimmancinsa a cikin wannan littafin.

Ba za a iya la'akari da yanayin kowane mutum na wannan tsohuwar tsibirin a matsayin mahallinsa ba. Bambance-bambancen wayewa suna wakiltar karkatar da duk wani ra'ayi na Mutanen Espanya (wani abu wanda, ta hanyar, yana faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniyar da ta shiga cikin wayewar wayewa zuwa wani)

Ma'anar ita ce ƙungiyoyin tarihi kawai zasu iya tallafawa mafi girma ko ƙaramin tsarin ƙasa. Daga duniyar duniyar gaba ɗaya zuwa ta musamman ta Spain, marubucin ya yi magana game da duk wannan tsarin tarihi wanda yanki ya motsa, haruffan da aka ɗauka azaman alamomi, tunanin da ba zai yiwu ba gaba ɗaya ya tarwatse zuwa watsawar manufar wancan gida na wucin gadi koyaushe wanda ke ba da kariyar da ba koyaushe take ƙarewa da karɓar karɓa ba kuma ana iya sake fassara ta cikin kowane motsi na tarihi wanda ya faru daga Pyrenees zuwa Mashigin Gibraltar (gida -gida)